Что греки подарили миру

1. Городское планирование

Городское планирование.

Несмотря на то, что большинство людей считают планирование городов относительно современным изобретением, по мнению большинства историков, «отцом планирования городов» является древнегреческий архитектор и градостроитель Гипподам Милетский. Его планы греческих городов отличались потрясающей упорядоченностью, в отличие от хаотически переплетенных улиц городов той эпохи.

2. Водяная мельница

Водяная мельница.

Самым ранним свидетельством о водяной мельнице в исторических документах является упоминание о колесе Перахора, которое было создано в третьем веке до нашей эры в Греции. Как полагают историки, оно было создано греческим инженером Филоном Византийским, который впервые упоминает о водяном колесе в одной из своих работ.

3. Водопровод

Водопровод.

Как известно, древние греки высоко ценили физическое развитие человека. Эта концепция была отражена в их подходе к физической нагрузке и чистоте тела. К примеру, в Афинах существовало много акведуков, по которым текла вода с гор. Также в городе существовала весьма обширная водопроводная система, по которым вода из цистерн распределялась по баням, фонтанам, а также домам богатых людей.

4. Одометр

Одометр.

Этот повсеместно распространенный сегодня инструмент, измеряющий пройденное автомобилем расстояние, был изобретен в Древней Греции. Изначально он использовался для измерения расстояния между городами.

5. Карты

Карты.

Картография играла большую роль в путешествиях и навигации с древнейших времен. Изобретение карт и картографии приписывают Анаксимандру Милетскому, одному из важнейших досократических философов. Несмотря на то, что картами пользовались в Египте, Лидии, на Ближнем Востоке и в Вавилоне, на них изображались исключительно местные дороги и города. Анаксимандр же изобразил всю обитаемую землю, известную древним грекам.

6. Маяки

Маяки.

До появления специальных портов в Древней Греции, на вершинах прибрежных холмов возле городов, в которые ходили торговые суда, по ночам разжигали костры. Впоследствии огонь начали разводить на специальных платформах – чем выше горело пламя, тем дальше его было видно. Подобная практика привела к развитию маяков. Самым известным маяком в античной истории является одно из чудес света — Александрийский маяк, построенный в 280-247 годах до н.э.

7. Монеты

Монеты.

Первые монеты возникли во время железного века в Анатолии и Древней Греции примерно в 600-700 годах до н.э. Впоследствии монеты, разработанные греками, использовались для покупки или торговли товарами и другими народностями.

8. Центральное отопление

Центральное отопление.

Перед тем, как система отопления домов появилась у римлян, она существовала у греков, в частности у минойцев. Греки под полами своих домов прокладывали трубы, через которые текла теплая вода, подогреваемая разведенными очагами.

9. Якоря

Якоря.

Древние греки были первыми, кто начал использовать в качестве якорей корзины, заполненные камнями, больших мешки с песком, и выдолбленные изнутри деревянные бревна, в которые был залит свинец.

10. Душ

Душ.

В Элладе впервые в мире появился душ. Вода в общественных душевых, которые могли использовать как знать, так и простые граждане, поступала из существующих в греческих городах водопроводов из свинцовых труб.

11. Автоматические двери

Автоматические двери.

Наверняка, многие думают, что автоматические раздвижные двери появились совершенно недавно, это не так. Греки изобрели автоматические раздвижные двери, которые работали с помощью сжатого воздуха или воды. Использовались такие двери в храмах.

12. Будильник

Будильник.

Один из наиболее часто используемых в современном мире гаджетов впервые изобрел известный греческий философ Платон. Для того, чтобы не проспать свои лекции, он переделал водяные часы.

13. Торговый автомат

Торговый автомат.

Торговые автоматы также кажутся современным изобретением, но на самом деле им более 2 тысяч лет. Греческий изобретатель Герон Александрийский сделал прототип торгового автомата в 215 г. до н.э., Автомат, который использовался для продажи освященной воды перед храмами, имел следующий принцип действия: в специальную прорезь бросали монету, которая падала в емкость, прикрепленную к боку сосуда с водой. Увеличившийся вес емкости наклонял сосуд, из которого выливалась порция воды. Потом монета выскальзывала из емкости, а сосуд снова возвращался в вертикальное положение.

14. Термометр

Термометр.

Впервые термометр изобрел Герон Александрийский, который первым понял, как воздух расширяется при нагревании до высоких температур. Впоследствии Филон Византийский первым применил эту технику, чтобы определять температуру воздуха, а Галилей в 1597 году только усовершенствовал древнее изобретение, введя понятие «масштаба» для количественной оценки процесса измерения температуры.

15. Театр

Театр.

Театр родился в городе-государстве Афины. Даже само слово «театр» происходит от греческого слова Theatron, что означает «место для просмотра».

В продолжение темы 15 археологических загадок, о которых и сегодня ведутся научные споры . Удивительные вещицы.

Чем Европа и мир обязаны Греции

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Greek inventions and discoveries are objects, processes or techniques invented, innovated or discovered, partially or entirely, by Greeks.

Greek people have made major innovations to mathematics, astronomy, chemistry, engineering, architecture, and medicine. Other major Greek contributions include being the birth of Western civilization, democracy, Western literature, history,^[1] Western logic, political science, physics, theatre, comedy, drama, tragedy, lyric poetry, biology, Western sculpture, Olympic Games, Western philosophy, ancient Greek law, Greek mythology, Greek food and the Greek Alphabet.^[2][3]

The following is a list of inventions, innovations or discoveries known or generally recognized to be Greek.

Alphabetical list of Greek inventions[edit]

A[edit]

• Acrolith: An acrolith is a composite sculpture made of stone together with other materials such as wood or inferior stone such as limestone, as in the case of a figure whose clothed parts are made of wood, while the exposed flesh parts such as head, hands, and feet are made of marble. The wood was covered either by drapery or by gilding. This type of statuary was common and widespread in Classical antiquity.
• Aerodynamics: Modern aerodynamics only dates back to the seventeenth century, but aerodynamic forces have been harnessed by humans for thousands of years in sailboats and windmills. Fundamental concepts of continuum, drag, and pressure gradients appear in the work of Aristotle and Archimedes.^[4]
• Air and water pumps: Ctesibius and various other Greeks of Alexandria of the period developed and put to practical use various air and water pumps which served a variety of purposes,^[5] such as a water organ and, by the 1st century AD, Heron’s fountain.
• Alarm clock: The Hellenistic engineer and inventor Ctesibius (fl. 285–222 BC) fitted his clepsydras with a dial and pointer for indicating the time, and added elaborate «alarm systems, which could be made to drop pebbles on a gong, or blow trumpets (by forcing bell-jars down into water and taking the compressed air through a beating reed) at pre-set times» (Vitruv 11.11).^[6]
• Alchemy: Alchemy, a forerunner of chemistry, has its origin in Hellenistic Egypt.
• Algebra: Diophantus was an Alexandrian Greek mathematician and the author of a series of books called Arithmetica. These texts deal with solving algebraic equations,^[7] and have led, in number theory to the modern notion of Diophantine equation. In the context where algebra is identified with the theory of equations, Diophantus is credited as its inventor and thus the «father of algebra».^[8]
• Analog computer: In 1900–1901, the Antikythera mechanism was found in the Antikythera wreck. It is thought that this device was an analog computer designed to calculate astronomical positions and was used to predict lunar and solar eclipses based on Babylonian arithmetic-progression cycles. Whereas the Antikythera mechanism is considered a proper analog computer, the astrolabe (also invented by the Greeks) may be considered as a forerunner.
• Anarchism: anarchic attitudes were first articulated by tragedians such as Aeschylus and Sophocles who used the myth of Antigone to illustrate the conflict between rules set by the state and personal autonomy.
• Ancient Suez Canal: Opened by Greek engineers under Ptolemy II (283–246 BC), following earlier, probably only partly successful attempts.
• Anemoscope: Timosthenes invented the anemoscope.^[9]
• Arch bridge: Possibly the oldest existing arch bridge is the Mycenaean Arkadiko bridge in Greece from about 1300 BC. The stone corbel arch bridge is still used by the local populace.^[10]
• Aqueduct: Although particularly associated with the Romans, aqueducts were likely first used by the Minoans around 2000 BCE. The Minoans had developed what was then an extremely advanced irrigation system, including several aqueducts.^[11]
• Aqueduct (bridge): first built by the Minoans.
• Askomandoura: a type of bagpipe played as a traditional instrument on the Greek island of Crete, similar to the tsampouna.
• Association football: the earliest sports resembling association football are the ancient Greek games Phaininda and episkyros.
• Astrolabe: First used around 300 BC by astronomers in Greece. Used to determine the altitude of objects in the sky.^[12][13]
• Aulos: Ancient Greek wind instrument.
• Automatic doors: Heron of Alexandria, a 1st-century AD inventor from Alexandria, Egypt, created schematics for automatic doors to be used in a temple with the aid of steam power.^[14]
• Automation: Ctesibius described a float regulator for a water clock, a device not unlike the ball and cock in a modern flush toilet. This was the earliest feedback controlled mechanism.^[15]

B[edit]

• Baglamas: long necked bowl-lute, is a plucked string instrument used in Greek music; it is a smaller version of the bouzouki pitched an octave higher (nominally D-A-D), with unison pairs on the four highest strings and an octave pair on the lower D.
• Ballista: Greek missile weapon.
• Bathtub: The oldest bathtub was found on the island of Crete.
• Biochemistry: At its most comprehensive definition, biochemistry can be seen as a study of the components and composition of living things and how they come together to become life. In this sense, the history of biochemistry may therefore go back as far as the ancient Greeks.
• BlackBerry: Greek-Canadian businessman Mike Lazaridis founded BlackBerry, which created and manufactured the BlackBerry wireless hand-held device. Lazaridis served in various positions including Co-Chairman and Co-CEO of BlackBerry from 1984 to 2012 and Board Vice Chair and Chair of the Innovation Committee from 2012 to 2013.^[16]
• Black-figure pottery: one of the principal styles of painting on antique Greek vases. It was especially common between the 7th and 5th centuries BC, although there are specimens dating as late as the 2nd century BC.
• Bouzouki: Popular musical instrument in Greece.
• Byzantine lyra: Medieval bowed string musical instrument in the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire.

C[edit]

• Calipers: Earliest example found in the Giglio wreck near the Italian coast. The wooden piece already featured one fixed and a movable jaw.^[17][18]
• Calisthenics: a form of strength training that originated in ancient Greece.^[19]
• Caller ID: 1968, Theodore Paraskevakos, while working in as a communications engineer for SITA in Athens, Greece, began developing a system to automatically identify a telephone caller to a call recipient. Developing the method for the basis for modern-day Caller ID technology.
• Cameo (carving): A method of carving originating in Greece.
• Canal Lock: Built into Ancient Suez Canal under Ptolemy II.^[20][21][22]
• Cannon: Ctesibius of Alexandria invented a primitive form of the cannon, operated by compressed air.
• Catapult: The historian Diodorus Siculus mentions the invention of a mechanical arrow-firing catapult.
• Cella: The inner chamber of an ancient Greek or Roman temple in classical antiquity.
• Cement: cement, chemically speaking, is a product that includes lime as the primary binding ingredient. Lime (calcium oxide) was used on Crete and by the ancient Greeks. There is evidence that the Minoans of Crete used crushed potsherds as an artificial pozzolan for hydraulic cement. Nobody knows who first discovered that a combination of hydrated non-hydraulic lime and a pozzolan produces a hydraulic mixture (see also: Pozzolanic reaction), but such concrete was used by the Ancient Macedonians, and three centuries later on a large scale by Roman engineers.
• Central heating: The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus was warmed by heated air that was circulated through flues laid in the floor, the first known central heating system. Central heating of buildings was later employed throughout the Greek world.
• Cetology: Observations about Cetacea have been recorded since at least classical times. Ancient Greek fishermen created an artificial notch on the dorsal fin of dolphins entangled in nets so that they could tell them apart years later.
• Chain drive: First described by Philo of Byzantium, the device powered a repeating crossbow, the first known of its kind.^[23]
• Cheesecake: The earliest attested mention of a cheesecake is by the Greek physician Aegimus who wrote a book on the art of making cheesecakes.
• Chelys: a stringed musical instrument, the common lyre of the ancient Greeks, which had a convex back of tortoiseshell or of wood shaped like the shell. The word chelys was used in allusion to the oldest lyre of the Greeks, which was said to have been invented by Hermes. According to the Homeric Hymn to Hermes, he came across a tortoise near the threshold of his mother’s home and decided to hollow out the shell to make the soundbox of an instrument with seven strings.
• Chiton (costume): A chiton is a form of tunic that fastens at the shoulder, worn by men and women of Ancient Greece and Rome.
• Chryselephantine sculpture: sculpture made with gold and ivory. Chryselephantine cult statues enjoyed high status in Ancient Greece.
• Cithara: An ancient Greek musical instrument in the yoke lutes family. In modern Greek the word kithara has come to mean «guitar», a word which etymologically stems from kithara. The kithara was a seven-stringed professional version of the lyre, which was regarded as a rustic, or folk instrument, appropriate for teaching music to beginners. As opposed to the simpler lyre, the kithara was primarily used by professional musicians, called kitharodes. The kithara’s origins are likely Anatolian. Popular in the eastern Aegean and ancient Anatolia.
• Classical kemençe: it was mainly used by Greek immigrants from Asia Minor and in classical Ottoman music.
• Claw of Archimedes: An ancient weapon devised by Archimedes to defend the seaward portion of Syracuse’s city wall against amphibious assault. Although its exact nature is unclear, the accounts of ancient historians seem to describe it as a sort of crane equipped with a grappling hook that was able to lift an attacking ship partly out of the water, then either cause the ship to capsize or suddenly drop it. It was dropped onto enemy ships, which would then swing itself and destroy the ship.
• Climatology: The Greeks began the formal study of climate; in fact the word climate is derived from the Greek word klima, meaning «slope,» referring to the slope or inclination of the Earth’s axis. Arguably the most influential classic text on climate was On Airs, Water and Places written by Hippocrates.
• Clock tower: See Clock tower.
• Cochilia: Greek traditional auxiliary percussion instrument.
• Communism: according to Richard Pipes, the idea of a classless, egalitarian society first emerged in Ancient Greece; since the 20th century, Ancient Rome has also been discussed, among them thinkers such as Aristotle, Cicero, Demosthenes, Plato, and Tacitus, with Plato in particular being discussed as a possible communist or socialist theorist, or as the first author to give communism a serious consideration.
• Corinthian order: The Corinthian order is the last developed of the three principal classical orders of ancient Greek and Roman architecture.
• Compound Pulley: Archimedes of Syracuse invented the first compound pulleys.^[24]
• Counterweight mirror: Ctesibius’ first invention was a counter-weighted mirror.^[25]
• Counterweight trebuchet: The earliest written record of the counterweight trebuchet, a vastly more powerful design than the simple traction trebuchet,^[26] appears in the work of the 12th-century historian Niketas Choniates. Niketas describes a stone projector used by future emperor Andronikos I Komnenos at the siege of Zevgminon in 1165. This was equipped with a windlass, an apparatus required neither for the traction nor hybrid trebuchet to launch missiles.
• Crane (machine): Labor-saving device that allowed the employment of small and efficient work teams on construction sites. Later winches were added for heavy weights.^[27]
• Cretan lyra: Greek pear-shaped, three-stringed bowed musical instrument, central to the traditional music of Crete and other islands in the Dodecanese and the Aegean Archipelago, in Greece.
• Crotalum: ancient Greek clappers or castanets.
• Curtain: Oldest curtains found in excavation sites at Olynthus, Greece.
• Cybernetics: Ctesibius and others such as Heron are considered to be some of the first to study cybernetic principles.

D[edit]

• Democracy: Led by Cleisthenes, Athenians established what is generally held as the first democracy in 508–507 BC. Cleisthenes is referred to as «the father of Athenian democracy.»^[28]
• Differential gear: The Antikythera mechanism, from the Roman-era Antikythera wreck, employed a differential gear to determine the angle between the ecliptic positions of the sun and moon, and thus the phase of the moon.^[29][30]
• Disability ramp: Oldest disability ramp found in Greece for people with trouble walking.^[31]
• Discus throw: The sport of throwing the discus traces back to it being an event in the original Olympic Games of Ancient Greece.
• Doric order: The Doric order was one of the three orders of ancient Greek architecture.
• Double-action principal: Universal mechanical principle that was discovered and first applied by the engineer Ctesibius in his double action piston pump, which was later developed further by Heron to a fire hose.^[32]
• Dry dock: Invented in Ptolemaic Egypt, under Ptolemy IV Philopator.

E[edit]

• Ecology: Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle were among the first to record observations on natural history. However, they viewed life in terms of essentialism. Early conceptions of ecology, such as a balance and regulation in nature can be traced to Herodotus, who described one of the earliest accounts of mutualism in his observation of «natural dentistry».
• Elevator: The earliest known reference to an elevator is in the works of the Roman architect Vitruvius, who reported that Archimedes built his first elevator.
• Epicyclic gearing: around 500 BC, the Greeks invented the idea of epicycles, of circles travelling on the circular orbits. The Antikythera Mechanism, circa 80 BCE, had gearing which was able to closely match the moon’s elliptical path through the heavens, and even to correct for the nine-year precession of that path.
• Epidemiology: The Greek physician Hippocrates, known as the father of medicine, sought a logic to sickness; he is the first person known to have examined the relationships between the occurrence of disease and environmental influences.
• Epi-LASIK eye surgery: Greek ophthalmologist Ioannis Pallikaris, who was the first person to perform LASIK eye surgery in 1989,^[33] developed the improved epi-LASIK technique at the University of Crete.
• Episkyros: a ball game invented in Greece. Considered to be the earliest ancestor of modern day Association football.
• Escapement: Described by the Greek engineer Philo of Byzantium (3rd century BC) in his technical treatise Pneumatics (chapter 31) as part of a washstand automaton for guests washing their hands. Philon’s comment that «its construction is similar to that of clocks» indicates that such escapement mechanisms were already integrated in ancient water clocks.^[34]
• Ethics: branch of philosophy that begins with the Greek Sophists of the fifth century BC.^[35]
• Evidence-based medicine: The Greek medical schools at Knidos and Kos were the first to develop rational theories of disease disconnected from religion and superstition and advocate healing based on empirically verified cures.^[36]

F[edit]

• Fascism: early influences that shaped the ideology of fascism have been dated back to Ancient Greece. The political culture of ancient Greece and specifically the ancient Greek city state of Sparta under Lycurgus, with its emphasis on militarism and racial purity, were admired by the Nazis. Supporters of the 4th of August Regime in the 1930s to 1940s justified the dictatorship of Metaxas on the basis that the «First Greek Civilization» involved an Athenian dictatorship led by Pericles who had brought ancient Greece to greatness. The Greek philosopher Plato supported many similar political positions to fascism. In The Republic (c. 380 BC), Plato emphasizes the need for a philosopher king in an ideal state. Plato believed the ideal state would be ruled by an elite class of rulers known as «Guardians» and rejected the idea of social equality.
• Feta: feta cheese, specifically, is first recorded in the Byzantine Empire in Avicenna’s Poem on Medicine under the name prósphatos (Greek: πρόσφατος, «recent» or «fresh»), and was produced by the Cretans and the Aromanians of Thessaly.
• Fire hose: invented by Heron in the basis of Ctesibius’ double action piston pump.^[37] Allowed for more efficient fire fighting.
• Fire pump: an early device used to squirt water onto a fire was known as a squirt or fire syringe. Hand squirts and hand pumps are noted before Ctesibius of Alexandria invented the first fire pump around the 2nd century B.C.
• Flamethrower: Greek fire, heated in a brazier and pressurized by means of a pump, was ejected by an operator through a siphon in any direction against the enemy.^[38] Alternatively, it could be poured down from swivel cranes or hurled in pottery grenades.
• Floghera: type of flute used in Greek folk music.
• Flushable pedestal toilets: the 2nd millennium BC the Minoans developed flushable pedestal toilets, with examples excavated at Knossos and Akrotiri.
• Flying machine: as only described in the writings of Aulus Gellius five centuries after him, he was reputed to have designed and built the first artificial, self-propelled flying device, a bird-shaped model propelled by a jet of what was probably steam, said to have actually flown some 200 meters.^{[citation needed]}
• Fore-and-aft rig: Spritsails, the earliest fore-and-aft rigs, appeared in the 2nd century BC in the Aegean Sea on small Greek craft.
• Football: The oldest sport that resembles modern Association football is the ancient Greek ball game, Episkyros which is dated before the 9th century BC.^[39]
• Frappé coffee: The Greek version of café frappé, using instant coffee, was invented in 1957 at the Thessaloniki International Fair.

G[edit]

• Gastraphetes: hand-held crossbow used by the Greeks.
• Geography: Building on the mapmaking practices of the Near East,^[40] the philosopher Anaximander, a student of Thales, was the first known person to produce a scale map of the known world,while some decades later Hecataeus of Miletus was the first to combine map-making with vivid descriptions of the people and landscapes of each location, taken from interviews with sailors and other travellers, initiating a field of study which Eratosthenes later named γεωγραφία (geography).
• Geology: The study of the physical material of the Earth dates back at least to ancient Greece when Theophrastus wrote the work Peri Lithon (On Stones).
• Geomorphology: The study of landforms and the evolution of the Earth’s surface can be dated back to scholars of Classical Greece. Herodotus argued from observations of soils that the Nile delta was actively growing into the Mediterranean Sea, and estimated its age. Aristotle speculated that due to sediment transport into the sea, eventually those seas would fill while the land lowered. He claimed that this would mean that land and water would eventually swap places, whereupon the process would begin again in an endless cycle.
• Gimbal: The inventor Philo of Byzantium described an eight-sided ink pot with an opening on each side, which can be turned so that any face is on top, dip in a pen and ink it-yet the ink never runs out through the holes of the side. This was done by the suspension of the inkwell at the center, which was mounted on a series of concentric metal rings which remained stationary no matter which way the pot turns itself.
• Glasses: The precursor of glasses are the visual aid devices of ancient Greece. Scattered evidence exists for use of visual aid devices in Greek and Roman times, most prominently the use of an emerald by emperor Nero as mentioned by Pliny the Elder.
• Globe: The earliest known example is the one constructed by Greek grammarian Crates of Mallus in Cilicia (now Çukurova in modern-day Turkey), in the mid-2nd century BC.
• Greek fire: Greek fire was an incendiary weapon used by the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire that was first developed c. 672. The Byzantines typically used it in naval battles to great effect, as it could continue burning while floating on water.
• Grenade: Grenades appeared not long after the reign of Leo III (717–741), when Byzantine soldiers learned that Greek fire could not only be projected by flamethrowers, but also be thrown in stone and ceramic jars. Larger containers were hurled by catapults or trebuchets at the enemy, either ignited before release or set alight by fire arrows after impact. Grenades were later adopted for use by Muslim armies: Vessels of the characteristic spheroconical shape which many authors identify as grenade shells were found over much of the Islamic world.
• Greek wrestling: Type of wrestling. The most popular organized sport in Ancient Greece.
• Gristmill: The Greek geographer Strabo reports in his Geography a water-powered grain-mill to have existed near the palace of king Mithradates VI Eupator at Cabira, Asia Minor, before 71 BC.
• Gymnastics: a sport that includes physical exercises requiring balance, strength, flexibility, agility, coordination, dedication and endurance. The movements involved in gymnastics contribute to the development of the arms, legs, shoulders, back, chest, and abdominal muscle groups. Gymnastics evolved from exercises used in ancient Greece, more specifically in Sparta and Athens.
• Gyro: Greek dish made from meat cooked on a vertical rotisserie. Like shawarma and al pastor meat, it is derived from the lamb-based doner kebab.

H[edit]

• Hand trebuchet: The hand-trebuchet (cheiromangana) was a staff sling mounted on a pole using a lever mechanism to propel projectiles. Basically a portable trebuchet which could be operated by a single man, it was advocated by emperor Nikephoros II Phokas around 965 to disrupt enemy formations in the open field. It was also mentioned in the Taktika of general Nikephoros Ouranos (ca. 1000), and listed in the Anonymus De obsidione toleranda as a form of artillery.^[41]
• Headband: The beginning of headbands was no later than around 475 BC to 330 BC, with the ancient Greeks, who wore hair wreaths.
• Helepolis: Greek siege tower.
• Heron’s fountain: Heron’s fountain is a hydraulic machine invented by the 1st century AD inventor, mathematician, and physicist Heron of Alexandria.
• Himation: A himation was a type of clothing, a mantle or wrap worn by ancient Greek men and women from the Archaic through the Hellenistic periods.
• Historiography: The earliest chronologies date back to Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt, in the form of chronicles and annals. By contrast, the term «historiography» is taken to refer to written history recorded in a narrative format for the purpose of informing future generations about events. In this limited sense, «history» begins with the early historiography of Classical Antiquity, in about the 5th century BCE, with Herodotus, the father of history.
• Humanism: a philosophical school of thought that emphasizes the individual and social potential and agency of human beings. It considers human beings the starting point for serious moral and philosophical inquiry. Traces of humanism can be traced in the ancient Greek philosophy. Pre-Socratics philosophers were the first Western philosophers to attempt to explain the world in terms of human reason and natural law without relying on myth, tradition, or religion. Protagoras, a Athenian philosopher and sophist, put forward some fundamental humanist ideas.
• Humanities: the history of the humanities can be traced to ancient Greece, as the basis of a broad education for citizens. The Classical Greek paideia, a course of general education dating from the Sophists in the mid-5th century BCE, which prepared young men for active citizenship in the polis, or city-state.^[42]
• Hydrometer: the hydrometer dates to Archimedes who used its principles to find the density of various liquids.
• Hypodermic needle: the ancient Greeks and Romans knew injection as a method of medicinal delivery from observations of snakebites and poisoned weapons.

I[edit]

• Ionic order: The Ionic order is one of the three orders of ancient Greek architecture.

J[edit]

• Javelin throw: The javelin throw was added to the Ancient Olympic Games as part of the pentathlon in 708 BC. It included two events, one for distance and the other for accuracy in hitting a target.

L[edit]

• Laboratory: the earliest laboratory according to the present evidence is a home laboratory of Pythagoras of Samos, the well-known Greek philosopher and scientist. This laboratory was created when Pythagoras conducted an experiment about tones of sound and vibration of string.
• Laouto: a long-neck fretted instrument of the lute (hence the name) family, found in Greece and Cyprus.
• Liberalism: isolated strands of liberal thought have existed in Western philosophy since the Ancient Greeks.
• Logic: Logic comes from the Greek word logos, originally meaning «the word» or «what is spoken», but coming to mean «thought» or «reason». In the Western World, logic was first developed by Aristotle, who called the subject ‘analytics’.^[43]
• Laïko: Greek music genre composed in Greek language in accordance with the tradition of the Greek people.
• Lead sheathing: To protect a ship’s hull from boring creatures. See Kyrenia ship.
• Libor: The London Inter-bank Offered Rate interest rate benchmark was devised by Greek banker Minos Zombanakis.
• Lighthouse: According to Homeric legend, Palamidis of Nafplio invented the first lighthouse, although they are certainly attested with the Lighthouse of Alexandria (designed and constructed by Sostratus of Cnidus) and the Colossus of Rhodes. However, Themistocles had earlier established a lighthouse at the harbor of Piraeus connected to Athens in the 5th century BC, essentially a small stone column with a fire beacon.^[44]
• Lyric poetry: First written in the form of Greek lyric.

M[edit]

• Macedonian lyra: Greek pear-shaped, three-stringed bowed musical instrument, used mainly in the Greek folk music of the Greek region of Macedonia (Greece), and especially in the region of Drama, usually accompanied by violin.
• Marathon: The name Marathon comes from the legend of Philippides (or Pheidippides), the Greek messenger. The legend states that, while he was taking part in the battle of Marathon, he witnessed a Persian vessel changing its course towards Athens as the battle was near a victorious end for the Greek army.
• Marine biology: The study of marine biology dates back to Aristotle, who made many observations of life in the sea around Lesbos, laying the foundation for many future discoveries.
• Market economy: market interdependence and integration first developed along the Aegean coast.^[45]
• Mastic gum: the ancient Greeks chewed mastic gum, made from the resin of the mastic tree.
• Mathematical mechanics: Archytas is believed to be the founder of mathematical mechanics.
• Metaxa: Metaxa is a Greek spirit invented by Spyros Metaxas in 1888. It is exported to over 65 countries and it is among the 100 strongest spirit brands worldwide.
• Mini: This distinctive two-door car was designed for the British Motor Corporation by Greek engineer Sir Alec Issigonis. His grandfather Demosthenis migrated to Smyrna from Paros in Greece in the 1830s and through the work he did for the British-built Smyrna-Aydın Railway.
• Morphology: Concept of form in biology, opposed to function, dates back to Aristotle.
• Musical mirror: invented by Ctesibius.
• Musical theatre: The antecedents of musical theatre in Europe can be traced back to the theatre of ancient Greece, where music and dance were included in stage comedies and tragedies during the 5th century BCE.

N[edit]

• Natural history: Natural history begins with Aristotle.
• Navy: the Minoan civilization is known to have the first navy. They built a powerful and long-lasting civilization based on a strong navy and trade throughout the Mediterranean Sea.^[46]
• Non-stick surface: Scientific research reveals that the ancient Mycenaean’s, more than 3,000 years ago used portable grilling trays for making souvlaki and non-stick pans for baking bread.^[47]
• Novel: the earliest novels include classical Greek and Latin prose narratives from the first century BC to the second century AD, such as Chariton’s Callirhoe (mid 1st century), which is «arguably the earliest surviving Western novel.»

O[edit]

• Odometer: Odometer, a device used in the late Hellenistic time and by Romans for indicating the distance travelled by a vehicle. It was invented sometime in the 3rd century BC. Some historians attribute it to Archimedes, others to Heron of Alexandria. It helped revolutionize the building of roads and travelling by them by accurately measuring distance and being able to carefully illustrate this with a milestone.
• Optical telegraph: In the 9th century, during the Arab–Byzantine wars, the Byzantine Empire used a system of beacons to transmit messages from the border with the Abbasid Caliphate across Asia Minor to the Byzantine capital, Constantinople.The main line of beacons stretched over some 450 miles (720 km). In the open spaces of central Asia Minor, the stations were placed over 60 miles (97 km) apart, while in Bithynia, with its more broken terrain, the intervals were reduced to ca. 35 miles (56 km). Based on modern experiments, a message could be transmitted the entire length of the line within an hour. The system was reportedly devised in the reign of Emperor Theophilos (ruled 829–842) by Leo the Mathematician, and functioned through two identical water clocks placed at the two terminal stations, Loulon and the Lighthouse. Different messages were assigned to each of twelve hours, so that the lighting of a bonfire on the first beacon on a particular hour signalled a specific event and was transmitted down the line to Constantinople.^[48]
• Olympic Games: The ancient Olympic Games (Ὀλυμπιακοὶ ἀγῶνες; Latin: Olympia, neuter plural: «the Olympics») were a series of athletic competitions among representatives of city-states and one of the Panhellenic Games of Ancient Greece.
• Orrery: the Antikythera mechanism, discovered in 1901 in a wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera and extensively studied, exhibited the diurnal motions of the Sun, Moon, and the five known planets.

P[edit]

• Pan flute: In Greek mythology, Syrinx (Σύριγξ) was a forest Nymph. In her attempt to escape the affection of god Pan (a creature half goat and half man), she was transformed into a water-reed or calamos (cane-reed). Then, Pan cut several reeds, placed them in parallel one next to the other, and bound them together to make a melodic musical instrument. Ancient Greeks called this instrument Syrinx, in honour of the Muse, and Pandean, or Pan-pipes and Pan-flute, after Pan.
• Pankration: The mainstream academic view has been that pankration developed in the archaic Greek society of the 7th century BC, whereby, as the need for expression in violent sport increased, pankration filled a niche of «total contest» that neither boxing nor wrestling could. However, some evidence suggests that pankration, in both its sporting form and its combative form, may have been practiced in Greece already from the second millennium BC.
• Pantograph: Hero of Alexandria first described pantographs in his work Mechanics.
• Paleontology: The ancient Greek philosopher Xenophanes concluded from fossil sea shells that some areas of land were once under water.
• Pap smear: he test was invented by and named after the Greek doctor Georgios Papanikolaou, who started his research in 1923.
• Pap test: A test for cervical cancer developed by the Greek physician George Papanikolaou in 1923.
• Pediment: Architectural element found particularly in Classical, Neoclassical and Baroque architecture, and its derivatives, consisting of a gable, usually of a triangular shape, placed above the horizontal structure of the lintel, or entablature, if supported by columns. The tympanum, the triangular area within the pediment, is often decorated with relief sculpture. A pediment is sometimes the top element of a portico. For symmetric designs, it provides a centre point and is often used to add grandness to entrances.
• Pentathlon: The first documented pentathlon occurred in 708 BC in Ancient Greece at the Ancient Olympic Games, and was also held at the other Panhellenic Games.
• Peplos: A peplos is a body-length garment established as typical attire for women in ancient Greece by 500 BC.
• Personal table fork: Although its origin may go back to Ancient Greece, the personal table fork was most likely invented in the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire, where they were in common use by the 4th century.^[49]
• Physical therapy: Physicians like Hippocrates and later Galen are believed to have been the first practitioners of physical therapy, advocating massage, manual therapy techniques and hydrotherapy to treat people in 460 BC.
• Physiology: The study of human physiology as a medical field originates in classical Greece, at the time of Hippocrates.
• Pilates: A physical fitness system developed in the early 20th century by Joseph Pilates, after whom it was named. Pilates called his method «Contrology» and it is practiced worldwide. Pilates was a German physical trainer of Greek descent.^[50]
• Pipe organ: the Greek engineer Ctesibius of Alexandria is credited with inventing the organ in the 3rd century BC.
• Piston pump: invented by Ctesibius.
• Planetary science: the history of planetary science may be said to have begun with the Ancient Greek philosopher Democritus.
• Pneumatics: the origins of pneumatics can be traced back to the first century when ancient Hero of Alexandria wrote about his inventions powered by steam or the wind.
• Pointed arch bridge: The earliest known bridge resting on a pointed arch is the 5th or 6th century AD Karamagara Bridge in Cappadocia. Its single arch of 17 m spanned an affluent of the Euphrates. A Greek inscription, citing from the Bible, runs along one side of its arch rib. The structure is today submerged by the Keban Reservoir.^[51]
• Political science: As a social political science, contemporary political science started to take shape in the latter half of the 19th century. At that time it began to separate itself from political philosophy, which traces its roots back to the works of Aristotle and Plato.

R[edit]

• Railway: The 6 to 8.5 km long Diolkos represented a rudimentary form of railway.
• Rebetiko: term used today to designate originally disparate kinds of urban Greek music which have come to be grouped together since the so-called rebetika revival, which started in the 1960s and developed further from the early 1970s onwards.
• Red-figure pottery: one of the most important styles of figural Greek vase painting.

S[edit]

• Salpinx: Ancient Greek trumpet-like instrument.
• Sawmill: The earliest known mechanical mill is the Hierapolis sawmill, a Roman water-powered stone mill in the Greek city of Hierapolis.
• Screw: the screw was first described by Archytas.
• Screw press: the screw press, probably invented in Greece in the 1st or 2nd century BC, has been used since the days of the Roman Empire for pressing clothes.^[52]
• Shower: The Ancient Greeks were the first known people to have showers, which were connected to their lead pipe plumbing system. A shower room for female athletes with plumbed-in water is depicted on an Athenian vase. A whole complex of shower-baths was also found in a 2nd-century BC gymnasium at Pergamum.^[53]
• Socialism: scholars have suggested that elements of socialist thought were present in the politics of classical Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle.
• Sociology: The sociological reasoning may be traced back at least as far as the ancient Greeks. Social analysis has origins in the common stock of Western knowledge and philosophy and ancient Greek philosophers Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.
• Souvlaki: Excavations in Santorini, Greece, unearthed sets of stone cooking supports used before the 17th century BC. In the supports there are pairs of indentations that were likely used for holding skewers. The line of holes in the base allowed the coals to be supplied with oxygen.^[54]
• Spiral staircase: The earliest spiral staircases appear in Temple A in Selinunte, Sicily, to both sides of the cella. The temple was constructed around 480–470 BC.
• Speculum: vaginal and anal specula were used by the ancient Greeks, and speculum artifacts have been found in Pompeii.
• Sponge (tool): the first references of sponges used for hygiene dates from ancient Greeks.
• Stadium: the oldest known stadium is the Stadium at Olympia in Greece, where the ancient Olympic Games were held from 776 BC. Initially the Games consisted of a single event, a sprint along the length of the stadium.
• Steam engine: Archimedes invented the first steam-powered device however, Hero of Alexandria designed the Aeolipile. The aeolipile is a simple bladeless radial steam turbine which spins when the central water container is heated. Torque is produced by steam jets exiting the turbine, much like a tip jet. Hero of Alexandria first described the aeolipile in the 1st century AD and many sources give him the credit for its invention.
• Steam-powered device: Archimedes invented the first steam-powered device with the Steam cannon.^[55]
• Stoa: In ancient Greek architecture, is a covered walkway or portico, commonly for public use. Early stoas were open at the entrance with columns, usually of the Doric order, lining the side of the building; they created a safe, enveloping, protective atmosphere.
• Streets: Example: The Porta Rosa (4th–3rd century BC) was the main street of Elea (Italy) and connected the northern quarter to the southern quarter. The street is 5 meters wide. At its steepest, it has an inclination of 18%. It is paved with limestone blocks, grinders cut in square blocks, and on one side a small gutter for the drainage of rain water. The building is dated during the time of the reorganization of the city during Hellenistic age.
• Syringe: First mentioned by Greek and Roman authors.

T[edit]

• Thaboura: a type of a string instrument, evolved from the Greek musical instrument tambouras. It is bigger than tambouras and it has 3 strings or 3 pairs of strings. The thaboura’s history stretches back to the Byzantine culture and originated in the medieval Greece times.
• Thalassocracy: the Minoan civilization was the first thalassocracy. The ancient Greeks first used the word thalassocracy to describe the government of the Minoan civilization, whose power depended on its navy.
• Theatre: Theatre, in its modern sense, involving the performance of pre-written tragic, dramatic and comedic plays for an audience, first originated in Classical Athens in the 6th century BC.^[56]
• Theatre in the round: Theatre-in-the-round was common in ancient theatre, particularly that of Greece and Rome, but was not widely explored again until the latter half of the 20th century.
• Three-masted ship: First recorded for Syracusia as well as other Syracusan (merchant) ships under Hiero II of Syracuse.
• Thermometer: various authors have credited the invention of the thermometer to Hero.
• Thesaurus: In antiquity, Philo of Byblos authored the first text that could now be called a thesaurus.
• Torsion siege engine: Preceding the development of torsion siege engines were tension siege engines that had existed since at least the beginning of the 4th century BC, most notably the gastraphetes in Heron of Alexandria’s Belopoeica that was probably invented in Syracuse by Dionysius the Elder. Simple Torsion devices could have been developed earlier, the first extant evidence of a torsion siege engine comes from the Chalcotheca, the arsenal on the Acropolis in Athens, and dates to c. 338 – 326 BC. It lists the building’s inventory that included torsion catapults and its components such as hair springs, catapult bases, and bolts.
• Toubeleki: Greek traditional drum musical instrument.
• Toxicology: Dioscorides, a Greek physician in the court of the Roman emperor Nero, made the first attempt to classify plants according to their toxic and therapeutic effect.
• Truss roof: See List of Greco-Roman roofs.
• Tsampouna: Greek musical instrument and part of the bagpipe family. It is a double-chantered bagpipe, with no drone, and is inflated by blowing by mouth into a goatskin bag. The instrument is widespread in the Greek islands.
• Tsipouro: The first production of tsipouro was the work of Greek Orthodox monks in the 14th century on Mount Athos in Macedonia, Greece.
• Tympanum: Ancient Greek frame drum.
• Tzatziki: Greek dip, soup, or sauce found in the cuisines of Southeast Europe and the Middle East. It is made of salted strained yogurt or diluted yogurt mixed with cucumbers, garlic, salt, olive oil, sometimes with vinegar or lemon juice, and herbs such as dill, mint, parsley and thyme.
• Tzouras: Greek stringed musical instrument.

V[edit]

• Vending machine: The first vending machine was described by Heron of Alexandria. His machine accepted a coin and then dispensed a fixed amount of holy water. When the coin was deposited, it fell upon a pan attached to a lever. The lever opened up a valve, which let some water flow out. The pan continued to tilt with the weight of the coin until it fell off, at which point a counter-weight would snap the lever back up and turn off the valve.^[57]

W[edit]

• Watermill: The use of water power was pioneered by the Greeks: The earliest mention of a water mill in history occurs in Philo’s Pneumatics. The technological breakthrough occurred in the technically advanced and scientifically minded Hellenistic period between the 3rd and 1st century BC
• Wheelbarrow: The history of the wheelbarrow began in Greece circa 406 BC. However there are no records that indicate who actually made it.^[58]
• Winch: The earliest literary reference to a winch can be found in the account of Herodotus of Halicarnassus on the Persian Wars (Histories 7.36), where he describes how wooden winches were used to tighten the cables for a pontoon bridge across the Hellespont in 480 BC. Winches may have been employed even earlier in Assyria, though. By the 4th century BC, winch and pulley hoists were regarded by Aristotle as common for architectural use (Mech. 18; 853b10-13).^[59]
• Windlass: The Greek scientist Archimedes was the inventor of the windlass.
• Windmill: Hero of Alexandria in first-century Roman Egypt described what appears to be a wind-driven wheel to power a machine. His description of a wind-powered organ is not a practical windmill, but was either an early wind-powered toy, or a design concept for a wind-powered machine.
• Wind vane: The Tower of the Winds on the Roman agora in Athens featured atop a wind vane in the form of a bronze Triton holding a rod in his outstretched hand rotating to the wind blowing. Below, its frieze was adorned with the eight wind deities. The 8 m high structure also featured sundials and a water clock inside dates from around 50 BC.
• Wreath: headdress made of leaves, grasses, flowers or branches first worn in Greece.

Z[edit]

• Zoology: Although the concept of zoology as a single coherent field arose much later, the zoological sciences emerged from natural history reaching back to the biological works of Aristotle and Galen in the ancient Greco-Roman world.

Discoveries made by Greeks[edit]

Astronomy[edit]

• Equinox: Thales discovered the equinox.
• Gravity:In Greece, Aristotle believed that objects fell towards the Earth because the Earth was the center of the Universe and attracted all of the mass in the Universe towards it. He also thought that the speed of a falling object should increase with its weight.^[60]
• Heliocentrism – The notion that the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun was first proposed by Aristarchus of Samos in the 3rd century BC.^[61]
• Solstice: Thales discovered the solstice.

Geography[edit]

• Latitude: The invention of a geographic coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene, who composed his now-lost Geography at the Library of Alexandria in the 3rd century BC.^[62][63][64]
• Longitude: The invention of a geographic coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene, who composed his now-lost Geography at the Library of Alexandria in the 3rd century BC.^[62][63][64]

Mathematics[edit]

• Mathematical deduction – Thales of Miletus, considered by Aristotle to be the first Greek philosopher,^[65] is thought to be the first individual to apply deductive reasoning to produce mathematical proofs, particularly in the field of geometry^[66]
• Thales’ theorem – One of the most basic theorems of geometry, stating that whenever an angle is drawn from two ends of the diameter of a circle to any third point on its circumference, the angle formed at the third point is always a perfect right angle. The phenomenon was known empirically to the Indians and Babylonians but was first proved in the 6th century BC by Thales of Miletus, making him the first known individual to whom a mathematical discovery has been attributed.^[66]
• Intercept theorem – Also attributed to Thales is the fundamental theorem of geometry that states that the ratios of corresponding sides of similar triangles (i.e. triangles formed from the intersection of two common lines with two different parallel lines) are equal. Thales is said to have used his theorem to determine the height of pyramids by measuring the lengths of their shadows.^[67]
• Conic sections – First developed by Menaechmus in the 4th century BC, but the most significant contribution is by Apollonius of Perga in the 3rd century BC.^[68]
• Method of exhaustion – Formalized by Eudoxus of Cnidus in the early 4th century BC, used by Archimedes to calculate the value of pi and the area under a curve.^[69]
• Mathematical proof – The mathematical proof was a product of Greek mathematics, evolving gradually to reach the method still used today in Euclid’s Elements around 300 BC.^[70]
• Sieve of Eratosthenes – Developed by Eratosthenes in the 3rd century BC to calculate prime numbers.^[71]

Philosophy[edit]

• Socratic method – A form of cooperative argumentative dialogue between individuals, based on asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to draw out ideas and underlying presuppositions. It is named after the Classical Greek philosopher Socrates and is introduced by him in Plato’s Theaetetus as midwifery (maieutics) because it is employed to bring out definitions implicit in the interlocutors’ beliefs, or to help them further their understanding.^[72]

See also[edit]

• Greek mathematics
• Greek astronomy
• Ancient Greek technology
• List of Byzantine inventions

References[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (January 2016)

• Foss, Clive. «Beacon». In Kazhdan (1991), pp. 273–274.
• Haldon, John F. (1990). Constantine Porphyrogenitus: Three treatises on imperial military expeditions. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. ISBN 3700117787.
• Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. London and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6.
• Toynbee, Arnold (1973). Constantine Porphyrogenitus and His World. London and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-215253-X.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Greek inventions and discoveries are objects, processes or techniques invented, innovated or discovered, partially or entirely, by Greeks.

Greek people have made major innovations to mathematics, astronomy, chemistry, engineering, architecture, and medicine. Other major Greek contributions include being the birth of Western civilization, democracy, Western literature, history,^[1] Western logic, political science, physics, theatre, comedy, drama, tragedy, lyric poetry, biology, Western sculpture, Olympic Games, Western philosophy, ancient Greek law, Greek mythology, Greek food and the Greek Alphabet.^[2][3]

The following is a list of inventions, innovations or discoveries known or generally recognized to be Greek.

Alphabetical list of Greek inventions[edit]

A[edit]

• Acrolith: An acrolith is a composite sculpture made of stone together with other materials such as wood or inferior stone such as limestone, as in the case of a figure whose clothed parts are made of wood, while the exposed flesh parts such as head, hands, and feet are made of marble. The wood was covered either by drapery or by gilding. This type of statuary was common and widespread in Classical antiquity.
• Aerodynamics: Modern aerodynamics only dates back to the seventeenth century, but aerodynamic forces have been harnessed by humans for thousands of years in sailboats and windmills. Fundamental concepts of continuum, drag, and pressure gradients appear in the work of Aristotle and Archimedes.^[4]
• Air and water pumps: Ctesibius and various other Greeks of Alexandria of the period developed and put to practical use various air and water pumps which served a variety of purposes,^[5] such as a water organ and, by the 1st century AD, Heron’s fountain.
• Alarm clock: The Hellenistic engineer and inventor Ctesibius (fl. 285–222 BC) fitted his clepsydras with a dial and pointer for indicating the time, and added elaborate «alarm systems, which could be made to drop pebbles on a gong, or blow trumpets (by forcing bell-jars down into water and taking the compressed air through a beating reed) at pre-set times» (Vitruv 11.11).^[6]
• Alchemy: Alchemy, a forerunner of chemistry, has its origin in Hellenistic Egypt.
• Algebra: Diophantus was an Alexandrian Greek mathematician and the author of a series of books called Arithmetica. These texts deal with solving algebraic equations,^[7] and have led, in number theory to the modern notion of Diophantine equation. In the context where algebra is identified with the theory of equations, Diophantus is credited as its inventor and thus the «father of algebra».^[8]
• Analog computer: In 1900–1901, the Antikythera mechanism was found in the Antikythera wreck. It is thought that this device was an analog computer designed to calculate astronomical positions and was used to predict lunar and solar eclipses based on Babylonian arithmetic-progression cycles. Whereas the Antikythera mechanism is considered a proper analog computer, the astrolabe (also invented by the Greeks) may be considered as a forerunner.
• Anarchism: anarchic attitudes were first articulated by tragedians such as Aeschylus and Sophocles who used the myth of Antigone to illustrate the conflict between rules set by the state and personal autonomy.
• Ancient Suez Canal: Opened by Greek engineers under Ptolemy II (283–246 BC), following earlier, probably only partly successful attempts.
• Anemoscope: Timosthenes invented the anemoscope.^[9]
• Arch bridge: Possibly the oldest existing arch bridge is the Mycenaean Arkadiko bridge in Greece from about 1300 BC. The stone corbel arch bridge is still used by the local populace.^[10]
• Aqueduct: Although particularly associated with the Romans, aqueducts were likely first used by the Minoans around 2000 BCE. The Minoans had developed what was then an extremely advanced irrigation system, including several aqueducts.^[11]
• Aqueduct (bridge): first built by the Minoans.
• Askomandoura: a type of bagpipe played as a traditional instrument on the Greek island of Crete, similar to the tsampouna.
• Association football: the earliest sports resembling association football are the ancient Greek games Phaininda and episkyros.
• Astrolabe: First used around 300 BC by astronomers in Greece. Used to determine the altitude of objects in the sky.^[12][13]
• Aulos: Ancient Greek wind instrument.
• Automatic doors: Heron of Alexandria, a 1st-century AD inventor from Alexandria, Egypt, created schematics for automatic doors to be used in a temple with the aid of steam power.^[14]
• Automation: Ctesibius described a float regulator for a water clock, a device not unlike the ball and cock in a modern flush toilet. This was the earliest feedback controlled mechanism.^[15]

B[edit]

• Baglamas: long necked bowl-lute, is a plucked string instrument used in Greek music; it is a smaller version of the bouzouki pitched an octave higher (nominally D-A-D), with unison pairs on the four highest strings and an octave pair on the lower D.
• Ballista: Greek missile weapon.
• Bathtub: The oldest bathtub was found on the island of Crete.
• Biochemistry: At its most comprehensive definition, biochemistry can be seen as a study of the components and composition of living things and how they come together to become life. In this sense, the history of biochemistry may therefore go back as far as the ancient Greeks.
• BlackBerry: Greek-Canadian businessman Mike Lazaridis founded BlackBerry, which created and manufactured the BlackBerry wireless hand-held device. Lazaridis served in various positions including Co-Chairman and Co-CEO of BlackBerry from 1984 to 2012 and Board Vice Chair and Chair of the Innovation Committee from 2012 to 2013.^[16]
• Black-figure pottery: one of the principal styles of painting on antique Greek vases. It was especially common between the 7th and 5th centuries BC, although there are specimens dating as late as the 2nd century BC.
• Bouzouki: Popular musical instrument in Greece.
• Byzantine lyra: Medieval bowed string musical instrument in the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire.

C[edit]

• Calipers: Earliest example found in the Giglio wreck near the Italian coast. The wooden piece already featured one fixed and a movable jaw.^[17][18]
• Calisthenics: a form of strength training that originated in ancient Greece.^[19]
• Caller ID: 1968, Theodore Paraskevakos, while working in as a communications engineer for SITA in Athens, Greece, began developing a system to automatically identify a telephone caller to a call recipient. Developing the method for the basis for modern-day Caller ID technology.
• Cameo (carving): A method of carving originating in Greece.
• Canal Lock: Built into Ancient Suez Canal under Ptolemy II.^[20][21][22]
• Cannon: Ctesibius of Alexandria invented a primitive form of the cannon, operated by compressed air.
• Catapult: The historian Diodorus Siculus mentions the invention of a mechanical arrow-firing catapult.
• Cella: The inner chamber of an ancient Greek or Roman temple in classical antiquity.
• Cement: cement, chemically speaking, is a product that includes lime as the primary binding ingredient. Lime (calcium oxide) was used on Crete and by the ancient Greeks. There is evidence that the Minoans of Crete used crushed potsherds as an artificial pozzolan for hydraulic cement. Nobody knows who first discovered that a combination of hydrated non-hydraulic lime and a pozzolan produces a hydraulic mixture (see also: Pozzolanic reaction), but such concrete was used by the Ancient Macedonians, and three centuries later on a large scale by Roman engineers.
• Central heating: The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus was warmed by heated air that was circulated through flues laid in the floor, the first known central heating system. Central heating of buildings was later employed throughout the Greek world.
• Cetology: Observations about Cetacea have been recorded since at least classical times. Ancient Greek fishermen created an artificial notch on the dorsal fin of dolphins entangled in nets so that they could tell them apart years later.
• Chain drive: First described by Philo of Byzantium, the device powered a repeating crossbow, the first known of its kind.^[23]
• Cheesecake: The earliest attested mention of a cheesecake is by the Greek physician Aegimus who wrote a book on the art of making cheesecakes.
• Chelys: a stringed musical instrument, the common lyre of the ancient Greeks, which had a convex back of tortoiseshell or of wood shaped like the shell. The word chelys was used in allusion to the oldest lyre of the Greeks, which was said to have been invented by Hermes. According to the Homeric Hymn to Hermes, he came across a tortoise near the threshold of his mother’s home and decided to hollow out the shell to make the soundbox of an instrument with seven strings.
• Chiton (costume): A chiton is a form of tunic that fastens at the shoulder, worn by men and women of Ancient Greece and Rome.
• Chryselephantine sculpture: sculpture made with gold and ivory. Chryselephantine cult statues enjoyed high status in Ancient Greece.
• Cithara: An ancient Greek musical instrument in the yoke lutes family. In modern Greek the word kithara has come to mean «guitar», a word which etymologically stems from kithara. The kithara was a seven-stringed professional version of the lyre, which was regarded as a rustic, or folk instrument, appropriate for teaching music to beginners. As opposed to the simpler lyre, the kithara was primarily used by professional musicians, called kitharodes. The kithara’s origins are likely Anatolian. Popular in the eastern Aegean and ancient Anatolia.
• Classical kemençe: it was mainly used by Greek immigrants from Asia Minor and in classical Ottoman music.
• Claw of Archimedes: An ancient weapon devised by Archimedes to defend the seaward portion of Syracuse’s city wall against amphibious assault. Although its exact nature is unclear, the accounts of ancient historians seem to describe it as a sort of crane equipped with a grappling hook that was able to lift an attacking ship partly out of the water, then either cause the ship to capsize or suddenly drop it. It was dropped onto enemy ships, which would then swing itself and destroy the ship.
• Climatology: The Greeks began the formal study of climate; in fact the word climate is derived from the Greek word klima, meaning «slope,» referring to the slope or inclination of the Earth’s axis. Arguably the most influential classic text on climate was On Airs, Water and Places written by Hippocrates.
• Clock tower: See Clock tower.
• Cochilia: Greek traditional auxiliary percussion instrument.
• Communism: according to Richard Pipes, the idea of a classless, egalitarian society first emerged in Ancient Greece; since the 20th century, Ancient Rome has also been discussed, among them thinkers such as Aristotle, Cicero, Demosthenes, Plato, and Tacitus, with Plato in particular being discussed as a possible communist or socialist theorist, or as the first author to give communism a serious consideration.
• Corinthian order: The Corinthian order is the last developed of the three principal classical orders of ancient Greek and Roman architecture.
• Compound Pulley: Archimedes of Syracuse invented the first compound pulleys.^[24]
• Counterweight mirror: Ctesibius’ first invention was a counter-weighted mirror.^[25]
• Counterweight trebuchet: The earliest written record of the counterweight trebuchet, a vastly more powerful design than the simple traction trebuchet,^[26] appears in the work of the 12th-century historian Niketas Choniates. Niketas describes a stone projector used by future emperor Andronikos I Komnenos at the siege of Zevgminon in 1165. This was equipped with a windlass, an apparatus required neither for the traction nor hybrid trebuchet to launch missiles.
• Crane (machine): Labor-saving device that allowed the employment of small and efficient work teams on construction sites. Later winches were added for heavy weights.^[27]
• Cretan lyra: Greek pear-shaped, three-stringed bowed musical instrument, central to the traditional music of Crete and other islands in the Dodecanese and the Aegean Archipelago, in Greece.
• Crotalum: ancient Greek clappers or castanets.
• Curtain: Oldest curtains found in excavation sites at Olynthus, Greece.
• Cybernetics: Ctesibius and others such as Heron are considered to be some of the first to study cybernetic principles.

D[edit]

• Democracy: Led by Cleisthenes, Athenians established what is generally held as the first democracy in 508–507 BC. Cleisthenes is referred to as «the father of Athenian democracy.»^[28]
• Differential gear: The Antikythera mechanism, from the Roman-era Antikythera wreck, employed a differential gear to determine the angle between the ecliptic positions of the sun and moon, and thus the phase of the moon.^[29][30]
• Disability ramp: Oldest disability ramp found in Greece for people with trouble walking.^[31]
• Discus throw: The sport of throwing the discus traces back to it being an event in the original Olympic Games of Ancient Greece.
• Doric order: The Doric order was one of the three orders of ancient Greek architecture.
• Double-action principal: Universal mechanical principle that was discovered and first applied by the engineer Ctesibius in his double action piston pump, which was later developed further by Heron to a fire hose.^[32]
• Dry dock: Invented in Ptolemaic Egypt, under Ptolemy IV Philopator.

E[edit]

• Ecology: Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle were among the first to record observations on natural history. However, they viewed life in terms of essentialism. Early conceptions of ecology, such as a balance and regulation in nature can be traced to Herodotus, who described one of the earliest accounts of mutualism in his observation of «natural dentistry».
• Elevator: The earliest known reference to an elevator is in the works of the Roman architect Vitruvius, who reported that Archimedes built his first elevator.
• Epicyclic gearing: around 500 BC, the Greeks invented the idea of epicycles, of circles travelling on the circular orbits. The Antikythera Mechanism, circa 80 BCE, had gearing which was able to closely match the moon’s elliptical path through the heavens, and even to correct for the nine-year precession of that path.
• Epidemiology: The Greek physician Hippocrates, known as the father of medicine, sought a logic to sickness; he is the first person known to have examined the relationships between the occurrence of disease and environmental influences.
• Epi-LASIK eye surgery: Greek ophthalmologist Ioannis Pallikaris, who was the first person to perform LASIK eye surgery in 1989,^[33] developed the improved epi-LASIK technique at the University of Crete.
• Episkyros: a ball game invented in Greece. Considered to be the earliest ancestor of modern day Association football.
• Escapement: Described by the Greek engineer Philo of Byzantium (3rd century BC) in his technical treatise Pneumatics (chapter 31) as part of a washstand automaton for guests washing their hands. Philon’s comment that «its construction is similar to that of clocks» indicates that such escapement mechanisms were already integrated in ancient water clocks.^[34]
• Ethics: branch of philosophy that begins with the Greek Sophists of the fifth century BC.^[35]
• Evidence-based medicine: The Greek medical schools at Knidos and Kos were the first to develop rational theories of disease disconnected from religion and superstition and advocate healing based on empirically verified cures.^[36]

F[edit]

• Fascism: early influences that shaped the ideology of fascism have been dated back to Ancient Greece. The political culture of ancient Greece and specifically the ancient Greek city state of Sparta under Lycurgus, with its emphasis on militarism and racial purity, were admired by the Nazis. Supporters of the 4th of August Regime in the 1930s to 1940s justified the dictatorship of Metaxas on the basis that the «First Greek Civilization» involved an Athenian dictatorship led by Pericles who had brought ancient Greece to greatness. The Greek philosopher Plato supported many similar political positions to fascism. In The Republic (c. 380 BC), Plato emphasizes the need for a philosopher king in an ideal state. Plato believed the ideal state would be ruled by an elite class of rulers known as «Guardians» and rejected the idea of social equality.
• Feta: feta cheese, specifically, is first recorded in the Byzantine Empire in Avicenna’s Poem on Medicine under the name prósphatos (Greek: πρόσφατος, «recent» or «fresh»), and was produced by the Cretans and the Aromanians of Thessaly.
• Fire hose: invented by Heron in the basis of Ctesibius’ double action piston pump.^[37] Allowed for more efficient fire fighting.
• Fire pump: an early device used to squirt water onto a fire was known as a squirt or fire syringe. Hand squirts and hand pumps are noted before Ctesibius of Alexandria invented the first fire pump around the 2nd century B.C.
• Flamethrower: Greek fire, heated in a brazier and pressurized by means of a pump, was ejected by an operator through a siphon in any direction against the enemy.^[38] Alternatively, it could be poured down from swivel cranes or hurled in pottery grenades.
• Floghera: type of flute used in Greek folk music.
• Flushable pedestal toilets: the 2nd millennium BC the Minoans developed flushable pedestal toilets, with examples excavated at Knossos and Akrotiri.
• Flying machine: as only described in the writings of Aulus Gellius five centuries after him, he was reputed to have designed and built the first artificial, self-propelled flying device, a bird-shaped model propelled by a jet of what was probably steam, said to have actually flown some 200 meters.^{[citation needed]}
• Fore-and-aft rig: Spritsails, the earliest fore-and-aft rigs, appeared in the 2nd century BC in the Aegean Sea on small Greek craft.
• Football: The oldest sport that resembles modern Association football is the ancient Greek ball game, Episkyros which is dated before the 9th century BC.^[39]
• Frappé coffee: The Greek version of café frappé, using instant coffee, was invented in 1957 at the Thessaloniki International Fair.

G[edit]

• Gastraphetes: hand-held crossbow used by the Greeks.
• Geography: Building on the mapmaking practices of the Near East,^[40] the philosopher Anaximander, a student of Thales, was the first known person to produce a scale map of the known world,while some decades later Hecataeus of Miletus was the first to combine map-making with vivid descriptions of the people and landscapes of each location, taken from interviews with sailors and other travellers, initiating a field of study which Eratosthenes later named γεωγραφία (geography).
• Geology: The study of the physical material of the Earth dates back at least to ancient Greece when Theophrastus wrote the work Peri Lithon (On Stones).
• Geomorphology: The study of landforms and the evolution of the Earth’s surface can be dated back to scholars of Classical Greece. Herodotus argued from observations of soils that the Nile delta was actively growing into the Mediterranean Sea, and estimated its age. Aristotle speculated that due to sediment transport into the sea, eventually those seas would fill while the land lowered. He claimed that this would mean that land and water would eventually swap places, whereupon the process would begin again in an endless cycle.
• Gimbal: The inventor Philo of Byzantium described an eight-sided ink pot with an opening on each side, which can be turned so that any face is on top, dip in a pen and ink it-yet the ink never runs out through the holes of the side. This was done by the suspension of the inkwell at the center, which was mounted on a series of concentric metal rings which remained stationary no matter which way the pot turns itself.
• Glasses: The precursor of glasses are the visual aid devices of ancient Greece. Scattered evidence exists for use of visual aid devices in Greek and Roman times, most prominently the use of an emerald by emperor Nero as mentioned by Pliny the Elder.
• Globe: The earliest known example is the one constructed by Greek grammarian Crates of Mallus in Cilicia (now Çukurova in modern-day Turkey), in the mid-2nd century BC.
• Greek fire: Greek fire was an incendiary weapon used by the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire that was first developed c. 672. The Byzantines typically used it in naval battles to great effect, as it could continue burning while floating on water.
• Grenade: Grenades appeared not long after the reign of Leo III (717–741), when Byzantine soldiers learned that Greek fire could not only be projected by flamethrowers, but also be thrown in stone and ceramic jars. Larger containers were hurled by catapults or trebuchets at the enemy, either ignited before release or set alight by fire arrows after impact. Grenades were later adopted for use by Muslim armies: Vessels of the characteristic spheroconical shape which many authors identify as grenade shells were found over much of the Islamic world.
• Greek wrestling: Type of wrestling. The most popular organized sport in Ancient Greece.
• Gristmill: The Greek geographer Strabo reports in his Geography a water-powered grain-mill to have existed near the palace of king Mithradates VI Eupator at Cabira, Asia Minor, before 71 BC.
• Gymnastics: a sport that includes physical exercises requiring balance, strength, flexibility, agility, coordination, dedication and endurance. The movements involved in gymnastics contribute to the development of the arms, legs, shoulders, back, chest, and abdominal muscle groups. Gymnastics evolved from exercises used in ancient Greece, more specifically in Sparta and Athens.
• Gyro: Greek dish made from meat cooked on a vertical rotisserie. Like shawarma and al pastor meat, it is derived from the lamb-based doner kebab.

H[edit]

• Hand trebuchet: The hand-trebuchet (cheiromangana) was a staff sling mounted on a pole using a lever mechanism to propel projectiles. Basically a portable trebuchet which could be operated by a single man, it was advocated by emperor Nikephoros II Phokas around 965 to disrupt enemy formations in the open field. It was also mentioned in the Taktika of general Nikephoros Ouranos (ca. 1000), and listed in the Anonymus De obsidione toleranda as a form of artillery.^[41]
• Headband: The beginning of headbands was no later than around 475 BC to 330 BC, with the ancient Greeks, who wore hair wreaths.
• Helepolis: Greek siege tower.
• Heron’s fountain: Heron’s fountain is a hydraulic machine invented by the 1st century AD inventor, mathematician, and physicist Heron of Alexandria.
• Himation: A himation was a type of clothing, a mantle or wrap worn by ancient Greek men and women from the Archaic through the Hellenistic periods.
• Historiography: The earliest chronologies date back to Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt, in the form of chronicles and annals. By contrast, the term «historiography» is taken to refer to written history recorded in a narrative format for the purpose of informing future generations about events. In this limited sense, «history» begins with the early historiography of Classical Antiquity, in about the 5th century BCE, with Herodotus, the father of history.
• Humanism: a philosophical school of thought that emphasizes the individual and social potential and agency of human beings. It considers human beings the starting point for serious moral and philosophical inquiry. Traces of humanism can be traced in the ancient Greek philosophy. Pre-Socratics philosophers were the first Western philosophers to attempt to explain the world in terms of human reason and natural law without relying on myth, tradition, or religion. Protagoras, a Athenian philosopher and sophist, put forward some fundamental humanist ideas.
• Humanities: the history of the humanities can be traced to ancient Greece, as the basis of a broad education for citizens. The Classical Greek paideia, a course of general education dating from the Sophists in the mid-5th century BCE, which prepared young men for active citizenship in the polis, or city-state.^[42]
• Hydrometer: the hydrometer dates to Archimedes who used its principles to find the density of various liquids.
• Hypodermic needle: the ancient Greeks and Romans knew injection as a method of medicinal delivery from observations of snakebites and poisoned weapons.

I[edit]

• Ionic order: The Ionic order is one of the three orders of ancient Greek architecture.

J[edit]

• Javelin throw: The javelin throw was added to the Ancient Olympic Games as part of the pentathlon in 708 BC. It included two events, one for distance and the other for accuracy in hitting a target.

L[edit]

• Laboratory: the earliest laboratory according to the present evidence is a home laboratory of Pythagoras of Samos, the well-known Greek philosopher and scientist. This laboratory was created when Pythagoras conducted an experiment about tones of sound and vibration of string.
• Laouto: a long-neck fretted instrument of the lute (hence the name) family, found in Greece and Cyprus.
• Liberalism: isolated strands of liberal thought have existed in Western philosophy since the Ancient Greeks.
• Logic: Logic comes from the Greek word logos, originally meaning «the word» or «what is spoken», but coming to mean «thought» or «reason». In the Western World, logic was first developed by Aristotle, who called the subject ‘analytics’.^[43]
• Laïko: Greek music genre composed in Greek language in accordance with the tradition of the Greek people.
• Lead sheathing: To protect a ship’s hull from boring creatures. See Kyrenia ship.
• Libor: The London Inter-bank Offered Rate interest rate benchmark was devised by Greek banker Minos Zombanakis.
• Lighthouse: According to Homeric legend, Palamidis of Nafplio invented the first lighthouse, although they are certainly attested with the Lighthouse of Alexandria (designed and constructed by Sostratus of Cnidus) and the Colossus of Rhodes. However, Themistocles had earlier established a lighthouse at the harbor of Piraeus connected to Athens in the 5th century BC, essentially a small stone column with a fire beacon.^[44]
• Lyric poetry: First written in the form of Greek lyric.

M[edit]

• Macedonian lyra: Greek pear-shaped, three-stringed bowed musical instrument, used mainly in the Greek folk music of the Greek region of Macedonia (Greece), and especially in the region of Drama, usually accompanied by violin.
• Marathon: The name Marathon comes from the legend of Philippides (or Pheidippides), the Greek messenger. The legend states that, while he was taking part in the battle of Marathon, he witnessed a Persian vessel changing its course towards Athens as the battle was near a victorious end for the Greek army.
• Marine biology: The study of marine biology dates back to Aristotle, who made many observations of life in the sea around Lesbos, laying the foundation for many future discoveries.
• Market economy: market interdependence and integration first developed along the Aegean coast.^[45]
• Mastic gum: the ancient Greeks chewed mastic gum, made from the resin of the mastic tree.
• Mathematical mechanics: Archytas is believed to be the founder of mathematical mechanics.
• Metaxa: Metaxa is a Greek spirit invented by Spyros Metaxas in 1888. It is exported to over 65 countries and it is among the 100 strongest spirit brands worldwide.
• Mini: This distinctive two-door car was designed for the British Motor Corporation by Greek engineer Sir Alec Issigonis. His grandfather Demosthenis migrated to Smyrna from Paros in Greece in the 1830s and through the work he did for the British-built Smyrna-Aydın Railway.
• Morphology: Concept of form in biology, opposed to function, dates back to Aristotle.
• Musical mirror: invented by Ctesibius.
• Musical theatre: The antecedents of musical theatre in Europe can be traced back to the theatre of ancient Greece, where music and dance were included in stage comedies and tragedies during the 5th century BCE.

N[edit]

• Natural history: Natural history begins with Aristotle.
• Navy: the Minoan civilization is known to have the first navy. They built a powerful and long-lasting civilization based on a strong navy and trade throughout the Mediterranean Sea.^[46]
• Non-stick surface: Scientific research reveals that the ancient Mycenaean’s, more than 3,000 years ago used portable grilling trays for making souvlaki and non-stick pans for baking bread.^[47]
• Novel: the earliest novels include classical Greek and Latin prose narratives from the first century BC to the second century AD, such as Chariton’s Callirhoe (mid 1st century), which is «arguably the earliest surviving Western novel.»

O[edit]

• Odometer: Odometer, a device used in the late Hellenistic time and by Romans for indicating the distance travelled by a vehicle. It was invented sometime in the 3rd century BC. Some historians attribute it to Archimedes, others to Heron of Alexandria. It helped revolutionize the building of roads and travelling by them by accurately measuring distance and being able to carefully illustrate this with a milestone.
• Optical telegraph: In the 9th century, during the Arab–Byzantine wars, the Byzantine Empire used a system of beacons to transmit messages from the border with the Abbasid Caliphate across Asia Minor to the Byzantine capital, Constantinople.The main line of beacons stretched over some 450 miles (720 km). In the open spaces of central Asia Minor, the stations were placed over 60 miles (97 km) apart, while in Bithynia, with its more broken terrain, the intervals were reduced to ca. 35 miles (56 km). Based on modern experiments, a message could be transmitted the entire length of the line within an hour. The system was reportedly devised in the reign of Emperor Theophilos (ruled 829–842) by Leo the Mathematician, and functioned through two identical water clocks placed at the two terminal stations, Loulon and the Lighthouse. Different messages were assigned to each of twelve hours, so that the lighting of a bonfire on the first beacon on a particular hour signalled a specific event and was transmitted down the line to Constantinople.^[48]
• Olympic Games: The ancient Olympic Games (Ὀλυμπιακοὶ ἀγῶνες; Latin: Olympia, neuter plural: «the Olympics») were a series of athletic competitions among representatives of city-states and one of the Panhellenic Games of Ancient Greece.
• Orrery: the Antikythera mechanism, discovered in 1901 in a wreck off the Greek island of Antikythera and extensively studied, exhibited the diurnal motions of the Sun, Moon, and the five known planets.

P[edit]

• Pan flute: In Greek mythology, Syrinx (Σύριγξ) was a forest Nymph. In her attempt to escape the affection of god Pan (a creature half goat and half man), she was transformed into a water-reed or calamos (cane-reed). Then, Pan cut several reeds, placed them in parallel one next to the other, and bound them together to make a melodic musical instrument. Ancient Greeks called this instrument Syrinx, in honour of the Muse, and Pandean, or Pan-pipes and Pan-flute, after Pan.
• Pankration: The mainstream academic view has been that pankration developed in the archaic Greek society of the 7th century BC, whereby, as the need for expression in violent sport increased, pankration filled a niche of «total contest» that neither boxing nor wrestling could. However, some evidence suggests that pankration, in both its sporting form and its combative form, may have been practiced in Greece already from the second millennium BC.
• Pantograph: Hero of Alexandria first described pantographs in his work Mechanics.
• Paleontology: The ancient Greek philosopher Xenophanes concluded from fossil sea shells that some areas of land were once under water.
• Pap smear: he test was invented by and named after the Greek doctor Georgios Papanikolaou, who started his research in 1923.
• Pap test: A test for cervical cancer developed by the Greek physician George Papanikolaou in 1923.
• Pediment: Architectural element found particularly in Classical, Neoclassical and Baroque architecture, and its derivatives, consisting of a gable, usually of a triangular shape, placed above the horizontal structure of the lintel, or entablature, if supported by columns. The tympanum, the triangular area within the pediment, is often decorated with relief sculpture. A pediment is sometimes the top element of a portico. For symmetric designs, it provides a centre point and is often used to add grandness to entrances.
• Pentathlon: The first documented pentathlon occurred in 708 BC in Ancient Greece at the Ancient Olympic Games, and was also held at the other Panhellenic Games.
• Peplos: A peplos is a body-length garment established as typical attire for women in ancient Greece by 500 BC.
• Personal table fork: Although its origin may go back to Ancient Greece, the personal table fork was most likely invented in the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire, where they were in common use by the 4th century.^[49]
• Physical therapy: Physicians like Hippocrates and later Galen are believed to have been the first practitioners of physical therapy, advocating massage, manual therapy techniques and hydrotherapy to treat people in 460 BC.
• Physiology: The study of human physiology as a medical field originates in classical Greece, at the time of Hippocrates.
• Pilates: A physical fitness system developed in the early 20th century by Joseph Pilates, after whom it was named. Pilates called his method «Contrology» and it is practiced worldwide. Pilates was a German physical trainer of Greek descent.^[50]
• Pipe organ: the Greek engineer Ctesibius of Alexandria is credited with inventing the organ in the 3rd century BC.
• Piston pump: invented by Ctesibius.
• Planetary science: the history of planetary science may be said to have begun with the Ancient Greek philosopher Democritus.
• Pneumatics: the origins of pneumatics can be traced back to the first century when ancient Hero of Alexandria wrote about his inventions powered by steam or the wind.
• Pointed arch bridge: The earliest known bridge resting on a pointed arch is the 5th or 6th century AD Karamagara Bridge in Cappadocia. Its single arch of 17 m spanned an affluent of the Euphrates. A Greek inscription, citing from the Bible, runs along one side of its arch rib. The structure is today submerged by the Keban Reservoir.^[51]
• Political science: As a social political science, contemporary political science started to take shape in the latter half of the 19th century. At that time it began to separate itself from political philosophy, which traces its roots back to the works of Aristotle and Plato.

R[edit]

• Railway: The 6 to 8.5 km long Diolkos represented a rudimentary form of railway.
• Rebetiko: term used today to designate originally disparate kinds of urban Greek music which have come to be grouped together since the so-called rebetika revival, which started in the 1960s and developed further from the early 1970s onwards.
• Red-figure pottery: one of the most important styles of figural Greek vase painting.

S[edit]

• Salpinx: Ancient Greek trumpet-like instrument.
• Sawmill: The earliest known mechanical mill is the Hierapolis sawmill, a Roman water-powered stone mill in the Greek city of Hierapolis.
• Screw: the screw was first described by Archytas.
• Screw press: the screw press, probably invented in Greece in the 1st or 2nd century BC, has been used since the days of the Roman Empire for pressing clothes.^[52]
• Shower: The Ancient Greeks were the first known people to have showers, which were connected to their lead pipe plumbing system. A shower room for female athletes with plumbed-in water is depicted on an Athenian vase. A whole complex of shower-baths was also found in a 2nd-century BC gymnasium at Pergamum.^[53]
• Socialism: scholars have suggested that elements of socialist thought were present in the politics of classical Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle.
• Sociology: The sociological reasoning may be traced back at least as far as the ancient Greeks. Social analysis has origins in the common stock of Western knowledge and philosophy and ancient Greek philosophers Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.
• Souvlaki: Excavations in Santorini, Greece, unearthed sets of stone cooking supports used before the 17th century BC. In the supports there are pairs of indentations that were likely used for holding skewers. The line of holes in the base allowed the coals to be supplied with oxygen.^[54]
• Spiral staircase: The earliest spiral staircases appear in Temple A in Selinunte, Sicily, to both sides of the cella. The temple was constructed around 480–470 BC.
• Speculum: vaginal and anal specula were used by the ancient Greeks, and speculum artifacts have been found in Pompeii.
• Sponge (tool): the first references of sponges used for hygiene dates from ancient Greeks.
• Stadium: the oldest known stadium is the Stadium at Olympia in Greece, where the ancient Olympic Games were held from 776 BC. Initially the Games consisted of a single event, a sprint along the length of the stadium.
• Steam engine: Archimedes invented the first steam-powered device however, Hero of Alexandria designed the Aeolipile. The aeolipile is a simple bladeless radial steam turbine which spins when the central water container is heated. Torque is produced by steam jets exiting the turbine, much like a tip jet. Hero of Alexandria first described the aeolipile in the 1st century AD and many sources give him the credit for its invention.
• Steam-powered device: Archimedes invented the first steam-powered device with the Steam cannon.^[55]
• Stoa: In ancient Greek architecture, is a covered walkway or portico, commonly for public use. Early stoas were open at the entrance with columns, usually of the Doric order, lining the side of the building; they created a safe, enveloping, protective atmosphere.
• Streets: Example: The Porta Rosa (4th–3rd century BC) was the main street of Elea (Italy) and connected the northern quarter to the southern quarter. The street is 5 meters wide. At its steepest, it has an inclination of 18%. It is paved with limestone blocks, grinders cut in square blocks, and on one side a small gutter for the drainage of rain water. The building is dated during the time of the reorganization of the city during Hellenistic age.
• Syringe: First mentioned by Greek and Roman authors.

T[edit]

• Thaboura: a type of a string instrument, evolved from the Greek musical instrument tambouras. It is bigger than tambouras and it has 3 strings or 3 pairs of strings. The thaboura’s history stretches back to the Byzantine culture and originated in the medieval Greece times.
• Thalassocracy: the Minoan civilization was the first thalassocracy. The ancient Greeks first used the word thalassocracy to describe the government of the Minoan civilization, whose power depended on its navy.
• Theatre: Theatre, in its modern sense, involving the performance of pre-written tragic, dramatic and comedic plays for an audience, first originated in Classical Athens in the 6th century BC.^[56]
• Theatre in the round: Theatre-in-the-round was common in ancient theatre, particularly that of Greece and Rome, but was not widely explored again until the latter half of the 20th century.
• Three-masted ship: First recorded for Syracusia as well as other Syracusan (merchant) ships under Hiero II of Syracuse.
• Thermometer: various authors have credited the invention of the thermometer to Hero.
• Thesaurus: In antiquity, Philo of Byblos authored the first text that could now be called a thesaurus.
• Torsion siege engine: Preceding the development of torsion siege engines were tension siege engines that had existed since at least the beginning of the 4th century BC, most notably the gastraphetes in Heron of Alexandria’s Belopoeica that was probably invented in Syracuse by Dionysius the Elder. Simple Torsion devices could have been developed earlier, the first extant evidence of a torsion siege engine comes from the Chalcotheca, the arsenal on the Acropolis in Athens, and dates to c. 338 – 326 BC. It lists the building’s inventory that included torsion catapults and its components such as hair springs, catapult bases, and bolts.
• Toubeleki: Greek traditional drum musical instrument.
• Toxicology: Dioscorides, a Greek physician in the court of the Roman emperor Nero, made the first attempt to classify plants according to their toxic and therapeutic effect.
• Truss roof: See List of Greco-Roman roofs.
• Tsampouna: Greek musical instrument and part of the bagpipe family. It is a double-chantered bagpipe, with no drone, and is inflated by blowing by mouth into a goatskin bag. The instrument is widespread in the Greek islands.
• Tsipouro: The first production of tsipouro was the work of Greek Orthodox monks in the 14th century on Mount Athos in Macedonia, Greece.
• Tympanum: Ancient Greek frame drum.
• Tzatziki: Greek dip, soup, or sauce found in the cuisines of Southeast Europe and the Middle East. It is made of salted strained yogurt or diluted yogurt mixed with cucumbers, garlic, salt, olive oil, sometimes with vinegar or lemon juice, and herbs such as dill, mint, parsley and thyme.
• Tzouras: Greek stringed musical instrument.

V[edit]

• Vending machine: The first vending machine was described by Heron of Alexandria. His machine accepted a coin and then dispensed a fixed amount of holy water. When the coin was deposited, it fell upon a pan attached to a lever. The lever opened up a valve, which let some water flow out. The pan continued to tilt with the weight of the coin until it fell off, at which point a counter-weight would snap the lever back up and turn off the valve.^[57]

W[edit]

• Watermill: The use of water power was pioneered by the Greeks: The earliest mention of a water mill in history occurs in Philo’s Pneumatics. The technological breakthrough occurred in the technically advanced and scientifically minded Hellenistic period between the 3rd and 1st century BC
• Wheelbarrow: The history of the wheelbarrow began in Greece circa 406 BC. However there are no records that indicate who actually made it.^[58]
• Winch: The earliest literary reference to a winch can be found in the account of Herodotus of Halicarnassus on the Persian Wars (Histories 7.36), where he describes how wooden winches were used to tighten the cables for a pontoon bridge across the Hellespont in 480 BC. Winches may have been employed even earlier in Assyria, though. By the 4th century BC, winch and pulley hoists were regarded by Aristotle as common for architectural use (Mech. 18; 853b10-13).^[59]
• Windlass: The Greek scientist Archimedes was the inventor of the windlass.
• Windmill: Hero of Alexandria in first-century Roman Egypt described what appears to be a wind-driven wheel to power a machine. His description of a wind-powered organ is not a practical windmill, but was either an early wind-powered toy, or a design concept for a wind-powered machine.
• Wind vane: The Tower of the Winds on the Roman agora in Athens featured atop a wind vane in the form of a bronze Triton holding a rod in his outstretched hand rotating to the wind blowing. Below, its frieze was adorned with the eight wind deities. The 8 m high structure also featured sundials and a water clock inside dates from around 50 BC.
• Wreath: headdress made of leaves, grasses, flowers or branches first worn in Greece.

Z[edit]

• Zoology: Although the concept of zoology as a single coherent field arose much later, the zoological sciences emerged from natural history reaching back to the biological works of Aristotle and Galen in the ancient Greco-Roman world.

Discoveries made by Greeks[edit]

Astronomy[edit]

• Equinox: Thales discovered the equinox.
• Gravity:In Greece, Aristotle believed that objects fell towards the Earth because the Earth was the center of the Universe and attracted all of the mass in the Universe towards it. He also thought that the speed of a falling object should increase with its weight.^[60]
• Heliocentrism – The notion that the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun was first proposed by Aristarchus of Samos in the 3rd century BC.^[61]
• Solstice: Thales discovered the solstice.

Geography[edit]

• Latitude: The invention of a geographic coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene, who composed his now-lost Geography at the Library of Alexandria in the 3rd century BC.^[62][63][64]
• Longitude: The invention of a geographic coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene, who composed his now-lost Geography at the Library of Alexandria in the 3rd century BC.^[62][63][64]

Mathematics[edit]

• Mathematical deduction – Thales of Miletus, considered by Aristotle to be the first Greek philosopher,^[65] is thought to be the first individual to apply deductive reasoning to produce mathematical proofs, particularly in the field of geometry^[66]
• Thales’ theorem – One of the most basic theorems of geometry, stating that whenever an angle is drawn from two ends of the diameter of a circle to any third point on its circumference, the angle formed at the third point is always a perfect right angle. The phenomenon was known empirically to the Indians and Babylonians but was first proved in the 6th century BC by Thales of Miletus, making him the first known individual to whom a mathematical discovery has been attributed.^[66]
• Intercept theorem – Also attributed to Thales is the fundamental theorem of geometry that states that the ratios of corresponding sides of similar triangles (i.e. triangles formed from the intersection of two common lines with two different parallel lines) are equal. Thales is said to have used his theorem to determine the height of pyramids by measuring the lengths of their shadows.^[67]
• Conic sections – First developed by Menaechmus in the 4th century BC, but the most significant contribution is by Apollonius of Perga in the 3rd century BC.^[68]
• Method of exhaustion – Formalized by Eudoxus of Cnidus in the early 4th century BC, used by Archimedes to calculate the value of pi and the area under a curve.^[69]
• Mathematical proof – The mathematical proof was a product of Greek mathematics, evolving gradually to reach the method still used today in Euclid’s Elements around 300 BC.^[70]
• Sieve of Eratosthenes – Developed by Eratosthenes in the 3rd century BC to calculate prime numbers.^[71]

Philosophy[edit]

• Socratic method – A form of cooperative argumentative dialogue between individuals, based on asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to draw out ideas and underlying presuppositions. It is named after the Classical Greek philosopher Socrates and is introduced by him in Plato’s Theaetetus as midwifery (maieutics) because it is employed to bring out definitions implicit in the interlocutors’ beliefs, or to help them further their understanding.^[72]

See also[edit]

• Greek mathematics
• Greek astronomy
• Ancient Greek technology
• List of Byzantine inventions

References[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (January 2016)

• Foss, Clive. «Beacon». In Kazhdan (1991), pp. 273–274.
• Haldon, John F. (1990). Constantine Porphyrogenitus: Three treatises on imperial military expeditions. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. ISBN 3700117787.
• Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. London and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6.
• Toynbee, Arnold (1973). Constantine Porphyrogenitus and His World. London and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-215253-X.

В древней Греции когда-то было сделано просто огромное количество самых полезных открытий и изобретений. 

Многие астрономы, медики, географы и пр. этого государства в давние времена стали настоящими пионерами науки. 

При этом некоторые из самых практичных и удобных изобретений, сделанных когда-то греками, используются человечеством и сегодня.

1. Водяная мельница

Это удобное оборудование первыми начали использовать в древнем мире именно греки. Благодаря находчивости изобретателя этого простого и в то же время действенного инструмента, человечество получило возможность производить одновременно в больших количествах бобовую, рисовую и пшеничную муку. По сути, изобретение водяной мельницы на долгие века определило характер рациона живущих на планете людей.

Использоваться так называемые «колеса Перахоры» в древней Греции начали еще в III веке до н. э. Считается, что изобрел водяную мельницу инженер Филон Византийский. Ранее ученые предполагали, что конструкцию этого простого и удобного инструмента этот умелец скопировал из какого-то арабского трактата. Однако проведенные недавно историками исследования показали, что водяная мельница — это все же именно греческое изобретение.

2. Одометр

В настоящее время подобные приборы чаще всего используются для измерения пробега автомобилей и мотоциклов. Современные одометры во многих случаях являются цифровыми. Однако до недавнего времени подобные приборы были по большей мере механическими и по конструкции напоминали устройство, изобретенное когда-то в Древней Греции.

Использовать одометр греки начали, по мнению историков, примерно в 27 году до н.э. Но считается, что изобретателем этого прибора был Архимед Сиракузский. Первые одометры, по сведениям ученых, появились в древнем мире во время 1-й Пунической войны. Позднее такие устройства широко применялись в Риме при строительстве дорог.

3. Будильник

Это хорошо знакомое всем устройство, по мнению историков, также было изобретено в древней Греции. Конечно же, будильники, использовавшиеся греками, были совершенно не похожи на современные. Однако принцип действия — громкий звук для прерывания сна — у них был абсолютно таким же.

Первый будильник в древней Греции изобрел инженер Ктесибий (284–221 гг. до н.э). Однажды этому греку пришла в голову мысль добавить к водяным часам конструкцию, обеспечивающую подачу в определенное время сигнала специальным гонгом. Звук такого будильника был похож на звук органа (только, разумеется, он был не таким громким).

4. Картография

Географические карты в древние времена, по мнению ученых, первыми научились делать жители Вавилона. Однако до совершенства это искусство в последующем довели именно греки.

Первую карту мира, к примеру, создал философ Анаксимандр, родившийся предположительно в 610 году до н. э. Этот грек, упоминания о работах которого имеются в том числе и в трудах Аристотеля, отметил на своей новаторской схеме все известные тогда населенные пункты.

В центре карты Анаксимандра располагалась Иония. На востоке при этом схема была ограничена Каспийским морем, а на западе — Геркулесовыми столпами. На севере карта заканчивалась где-то посередине современной Европы, а на юге — в районе Нила и Эфиопии.

5. Олимпийские игры

Олимпиады — безусловно, самые зрелищные спортивные мероприятия нашего времени. Точно так же дело обстояло когда-то и в древней Греции. В нашу эпоху первые Олимпийские игры, как известно, были проведены в 1896 году. Инициатором этого мероприятия в то время стал основатель Международного олимпийского комитета Пьер де Кубертен. По словам этого мецената, на организацию столь масштабных спортивных состязаний его вдохновили именно Олимпиады, проводившиеся в Древней Греции более 2500 лет назад.

Первое такое мероприятие на территории Эллады, как известно, состоялось в 776 году до н.э. Однажды греки просто решили устроить спортивные состязания, посвященные олимпийским богам. В дальнейшем такие мероприятия организовывались на территории Греции каждые 4 года.

6. Основы геометрии

Геометрия, безусловно, является одним из самых древних разделов математики. Некоторые историки считают, что эта наука, возможно, зародилась в человеческом обществе раньше, чем арифметика. И неудивительно. Ведь на практике людям чаще всего приходится применять именно правила геометрии.

По мнению ученых, первыми развивать эту полезную в повседневной жизни науку начали египтяне. Также геометрией в давние времена интересовались и вавилонские мудрецы. Однако самые первые исследователи сформулировали когда-то лишь самые примитивные и простейшие постулаты этой науки.

По-настоящему развивать геометрию, используя множество правил и аксиом, начали в Древней Греции. В любом случае отцом этой точной науки современные ученые считают Фалеса Милетского. Этот древнегреческий ученый впервые сформулировал когда-то ряд правил и аксиом, основанных не на практическом опыте, а на логике и дедукции. После него геометрию в Древней Греции развивали также такие известные ученые, как Евклид, Архимед и Пифагор.

7. Ранняя медицина

С лечением болезней, даже не слишком серьезных, в древности дела, как известно, обстояли не слишком хорошо. Во многих странах в старину развитие разного рода недугов объясняли проявлением гнева богов и наказанием за прегрешения. Если люди в древности и создавали какие-то лекарства, то только, ориентируясь на всевозможные суеверия и верования. В большинстве случаев никакого полезного воздействия на организм больных подобные средства не оказывали.

Изменилась ситуация в сфере медицины в человеческом обществе только после того, как древнегреческий медик Гиппократ начал проводить сложные эксперименты и собирать данные с целью доказать то, что любая болезнь является не наказанием свыше, а вполне естественным физическим процессом, который можно остановить или же хотя бы замедлить.

8. Философия

До расцвета в Средиземноморье Древней Греции как государства, такой науки, как философия, человечество не знало вовсе. Долгое время люди жили в мире суеверий, всевозможных нелепых верований и мистики. Древнегреческие ученые вошли в историю, помимо всего прочего, тем, что первыми начали основывать свои выводы не на отвлеченной метафизике и религиозных постулатах, а на собственных наблюдениях за окружающим миром.

Считается, что именно работа, выполненная древними греками, сыграла в последующем ключевую роль в формировании современной философской традиции.

9. Демократия

Основной идеей демократии, как известно, являются равные возможности всех граждан государства, а также право голоса при выборе представителей власти. В современном мире такая система является доминирующей. Придумали же демократию, по мнению историков, именно древние греки. Считается, что впервые демократическая форма правления была принята в Афинах примерно в 508 году до н. э.

10. Круглая Земля, флора и фауна

Благодаря древнегреческим мудрецам современные люди, в отличие от древних, имеют правильное представление об окружающем мире. Аристотель, к примеру, первым выдвинул идею шарообразной формы Земли. До этого, как известно, люди думали, что наша планета плоская и стоит на трех китах. Также Аристотель классифицировал животных и вошел в историю как отец зоологии.

Первым ботаником, создавшим письменные научные труды о растениях, был грек Феофраст. Самых значительных ранних успехов в геометрии и философии достигли пифагорейцы. Эти ученые доказывали то, что Земля движется вокруг Солнца, а не наоборот.

Источник

Древние греки были открытыми, умными, остроумными, умели философствовать и восхищаться совершенством. Эти особенности позволили им достичь больших достижений и взять в свои руки факел человеческого прогресса, тем самым установить то, что мы называем фундаментом европейской цивилизации. Вклад древних греков в развитие мировой культуры огромен.

Древние греки и мифология

Греческая мифология состоит из рассказов древних греков о своих богах и их героях, о природе мира, о происхождении и важности религиозных практик. Главными греческими богами были двенадцать богов Олимпа, которые в представлении древних греков, были похожими на людей и умели также радоваться и плакать, обижаться и ревновать, любить и ненавидеть.

Кроме богов, согласно мифологии древних греков, в лесах, горах и воде жили ореады, нимфы, дриады, океаниды и др. Судьбой человека распоряжались мойры. Каждый мифический герой имел свою историю, которая веками передавалась из поколения в поколение и дошла до наших дней, благодаря древнегреческим писателям и поэтам.

Древние греки и литература, театр

Древнегреческое общество уделяло особое внимание литературе. Многие писатели считают, что западная культура, с точки зрения литературы, началась с гомеровских эпосов «Илиада» и «Одиссея». В них ярко и умело изображался древний мир и войны, честь и позор героев. Простые и в тоже время с большим смыслом и моральным уроком были басни Эзопа. Одной из самых замечательных древнегреческих писателей была Сафо — поэтесса которую называют создателем лирической поэзии.

Зарождение театра произошло в Древних Афинах. Театральный писатель Эсхил навсегда изменил западную литературу, когда представил идеи диалога и взаимодействия персонажей в театральном письме. Таким образом, он создал драму — трилогия «Орестея» считается самым большим его достижением.

Другими важными театральными писателями были Софокл и Еврипид. Софокл развивал трагическую иронию как литературный жанр, особенно это видно в одном из его произведений — «Эдип Тиранноса». С другой стороны, Еврипид в своих произведениях пытался оспаривать социальные соглашения и нравы. Аристофан комедиант, определил и сформировал идею комедии, некоторые из его самых известных работ — «Лисистрата» и «Лягушки».

Древние греки и философия

Философия в Древней Греции была сосредоточена на роли причины и исследований. Многовековое развитие древнегреческой философии внесло большой вклад в современную философию и науку.

Некоторые из самых известных философов Древней Греции — это Сократ, Платон, Демокрит, Аристотель, Эпикур и др. Благодаря их произведениям, таким как «Государство» Платона, мы имеем информацию о древнегреческом обществе.

Философия вступила в литературу с диалогами Платона. Аристотель, ученик Платона, написал много трудов по многим дисциплинам, но самым большим его вкладом в литературу, вероятно, была его работа «О поэте», благодаря которой мы понимаем его восприятие драмы и устанавливаем первые критерии литературной критики.

Первые философские школы возникли в VII-VI вв. до н.э., основателем первой школы был Фалес Милетский.

Древние греки и музыка

Музыка присутствовала почти во всех областях древнегреческого общества, от свадеб и похорон до религиозных обрядов, театра, традиционной музыки. Существует несколько образцов нот греческой музыки, а также множество литературных ссылок на древнегреческую музыку.

Нотная грамота использовалась древними греками с III века до н. э., она охватывала примерно 3 октавы и существовала как для музыкальных инструментов, так и для голоса, ноты изображались символами. В Дельфах, на мраморной стене афинской сокровищницы, археологами были найдены ноты двух гимнов Аполлону (стена с нотами находится в музее Дельф).

Древние греки в искусстве часто изображали музыкальные инструменты, слово «музыка» происходит от мифических Муз, которые были дочерьми Зевса и защитниками искусств.

Древние греки и наука

Большим вкладом древних греков стали такие области науки как математика, геометрия, математический анализ, прикладная математика и др. Многие открытия некоторых греческих математиков, таких как Пифагор, Евклид и Архимед, используются до сих пор в преподавании математики.

Греки развили астрономию, с которой они столкнулись как с математической ветвью. Первые геометрические трехмерные модели, объясняющие движение планет, берут своё начало в IV веке до нашей эры. Древние астрономы Евдокс, Калип, Гераклид понтийский выразил мнение, что земля движется вокруг своей оси в III веке до нашей эры. Аристарх из Самоса, первым обратился к гелиоцентрической системе. Эратосфен с большой точностью вычислил орбиту Земли.

Древнегреческие врачи оказали огромное влияние на развитие современной медицины — это Алкмеон, Гиппократ, Эмпедокл и другие. Значительным вкладом в медицину Древней Греции стали исследования Диогена Аполлонийского, Галена.

Древние греки и искусство, архитектура

Искусство древней Греции сильно повлияло на культуру многих стран, как древних, так и современных, особенно в области скульптуры и архитектуры.

Скульптура — важная глава древнегреческого искусства. В течение классического периода, греческие скульпторы фокусировали свои действия на человеческой фигуре, которую пыталась изобразить как можно более естественным образом, изучая движение тела. В  древнегреческих скульптурах отражаются изменения и новые разработки в областях, определяющих древнегреческую реальность.

Древние архитекторы использовали сложные ноу-хау, где намеренно применяли архитектурные «ошибки», что способствовало визуальной гармонии произведений. Парфенон, один из самых известных архитектурных шедевров, был построен в эпоху Перикла, в V веке до нашей эры, в контексте обширного городского дизайна. Для украшения фризов храмов, скульптуры, одежды, керамических ваз, применяли греческий орнамент — меандр.

Древние греки и красота

Никто в древнем мире не ценил так высоко красоту, как древние греки. Красота была важна для обоих полов, её воспевали в литературных произведениях, изображали в скульптуре. Для украшения площадей греческих полисов, устанавливали скульптуры полуобнаженных и обнажённых мужских и женских тел. В отличии от мужских тел, женское тело мастера изображали в одежде или какие-то интимные части тела оставляли открытыми, прикрывая другие. Типичным примером является скульптура Афродита Каллипига (Αφροδίτη Καλλίπυγος), где Афродита изображена в длинном плаще, оглядываясь назад, при этом она поднимает плащ, оголяя свои ягодицы.

Мужская и женская красота вызвала много споров, гнева и даже войн, она также потушила множество бедствий и смертей, повлияла на многие важные решения.

Диоген говорил: «Тот, кто обладает красотой, может считать, что у него есть Божий дар».

Древние греки следили за своим внешним видом и старались подобрать причёску к одежде для получения общей гармонии своего образа.

Причёска становится концепцией, которая играла особую роль в Древней Греции.

Иногда мужские и женские прически были схожи между собой: применялась лента и волосы убирались под неё или собирались в пучок, волосы завивались в локоны или заплетались в косы. Мужчины носили бороды и тщательно ухаживали за ней — подстригали, некоторые завивали щипцами.

Древние греки пользовались парфюмерией и косметикой. Духи делали из цветов и трав, косметика состояла из масел для отбеливания кожи, белил, сажи, растительных красок.

Внешний вид древних греков часто был темой многих комиков того времени, например, Антифан с абсолютной точностью описывал этапы подготовки греческой женщины к выходу в свет: «Сначала она очищается, вытирает кожу, расчесывает волосы, крутит телом, омывается, одевается, парфюмируется, украшается, полируется».