Когда праздник мартини

День мартини — что это за праздник и какого числа его отмечают? Первоначально мартини назывался «Мартинез» в честь Калифорнийской золотой лихорадки в честь города Мартинес, где он был изобретен. Ранние мартини готовили из вина, джина и оливок. Но с тех пор многое изменилось и появился ряд захватывающих ароматов! День мартини — какого числа отмечается, история праздника День мартини, тема следующей статьи на kakogo-chisla.ru.

Какого числа День мартини

История праздника День мартини

• 1880-е годы Первая публикация

Рецепт сладкого напитка впервые опубликован в «Руководстве бармена».

• 1882 Манхэттен

Мартини начинается с Manhattan, который сочетает в себе спиртные напитки и вермут.

• 1951 Водка Мартини

Водка с мартини впервые упоминается в книге рецептов коктейлей под названием «Bottoms Up».

1960-е Обед из трех мартини

Обед из трех мартини становится обычной практикой для космополитичных руководителей и бизнесменов.

Советуем почитать: День розового вина

Почему все любят День мартини

День мартини — праздник, который захотят отмечать многие, так как у напитка больше количество поклонников по всему миру.

Советуем почитать: День бурбона

Как отметить День мартини

• Попробуйте приготовить мартини (впервые) дома

Если вы еще не готовили себе мартини дома, попробуйте один из наших рецептов, чтобы опробовать классический мартини. Если вы уже являетесь мастером коктейлей, воспользуйтесь сегодня, чтобы попробовать новый, который вы никогда не пробовали. Эспрессо мартини, джин мартини, клюквенный мартини, лимонный мартини, грейпфрутовый мартини: возможности безграничны.

• Выпить мартини в баре

Напишите друзьям, чтобы договориться о встрече после работы. Единственное, что делает мартини лучше, — это пить его в надлежащей лаунж-обстановке.

• Купите себе или другу подарок, связанный с мартини

Купите ингредиенты для коктейлей и принесите их в гости к друзьям. Потому что на самом деле удовольствие от употребления коктейлей зависит от компании, с которой вы это делаете.

Теперь вы знаете, какого числа и как отмечать День мартини!

Post Views: 132

Saint Martin’s Day or Martinmas, sometimes historically called Old Halloween or Old Hallowmas Eve,^[1][2] is the feast day of Saint Martin of Tours and is celebrated in the liturgical year on 11 November. In the Middle Ages and early modern period, it was an important festival in many parts of Europe, particularly Germanic-speaking regions. In these regions, it marked the end of the harvest season and beginning of winter.^[3] and the «winter revelling season». Traditions include feasting on ‘Martinmas goose’ or ‘Martinmas beef’, drinking the first wine of the season, and mumming. In some German and Dutch-speaking towns, there are processions of children with lanterns (Laternelaufen), sometimes led by a horseman representing St Martin. The saint was also said to bestow gifts on children. In the Rhineland, it is also marked by lighting bonfires.

Martin of Tours (died 397) was a Roman soldier who was baptized as an adult and became a bishop in Gaul. He is best known for the tale whereby he cut his cloak in half with his sword, to give half to a beggar who was dressed in only rags in the depth of winter. That night Martin had a vision of Jesus Christ wearing the half-cloak.^[4][5]

Customs[edit]

Traditionally, in many parts of Europe, St Martin’s Day marked the end of the harvest and the beginning of winter. The feast coincides with the end of the Octave of Allhallowtide.

Feasting and drinking[edit]

Martinmas was traditionally when livestock were slaughtered for winter provision.^[6] It may originally have been a time of animal sacrifice, as the Old English name for November was Blōtmōnaþ (‘sacrifice month’).^[7]

Goose is eaten at Martinmas in most places. There is a legend that St Martin, when trying to avoid being ordained bishop, hid in a pen of geese whose cackling gave him away. Once a key medieval autumn feast, a custom of eating goose on the day spread to Sweden from France. It was primarily observed by the craftsmen and noblemen of the towns. In the peasant community, not everyone could afford this, so many ate duck or hen instead.^[8]

In winegrowing regions of Europe, the first wine was ready around the time of Martinmas. Although there was no mention of a link between St Martin and winegrowing by Gregory of Tours or other early hagiographers, St Martin is widely credited in France with helping to spread winemaking throughout the region of Tours (Touraine) and facilitating vine-planting. The old Greek tale that Aristaeus discovered the advantage of pruning vines after watching a goat has been appropriated to St Martin.^[9] He is credited with introducing the Chenin blanc grape, from which most of the white wine of western Touraine and Anjou is made.^[9]

Bonfires and lanterns[edit]

Bonfires are lit on St Martin’s Eve in the Rhineland region of Germany. In the fifteenth century, these bonfires were so numerous that the festival was nicknamed Funkentag (spark day).^[7] In the nineteenth century it was recorded that young people danced around the fire and leapt through the flames, and that the ashes were strewn on the fields to make them fertile.^[7] Similar customs were part of the Gaelic festival Samhain (1 November).

In some German and Dutch-speaking towns, there are nighttime processions of children carrying paper lanterns or turnip lanterns and singing songs of St Martin.^[7] These processions are known in German as Laternelaufen.

Gift-bringers[edit]

In parts of Flanders and the Rhineland, processions are led by a man on horseback representing St Martin, who may give out apples, nuts, cakes or other sweets for children.^[7] Historically, in Ypres, children hung up stockings filled with hay on Martinmas Eve, and awoke the next morning to find gifts in them. These were said to have been left by St Martin as thanks for the fodder provided for his horse.^[7]

In the Swabia and Ansbach regions of Germany, a character called Pelzmärten (‘pelt Martin’ or ‘skin Martin’) appeared at Martinmas until the 19th century. With a black face and wearing a cow bell, he ran about frightening children, and he dealt out blows as well as nuts and apples.^[7]

Eve of St Martin’s Lent[edit]

In the 6th century, church councils began requiring fasting on all days, except Saturdays and Sundays, from Saint Martin’s Day to Epiphany (elsewhere, the Feast of the Three Wise Men for the stopping of the star over Bethlehem)^[10] on January 6 (56 days). An addition to and an equivalent to the 40 days fasting of Lent, given its weekend breaks, this was called Quadragesima Sancti Martini (Saint Martin’s Lent, or literally «the fortieth of»).^[11] This is rarely observed now. This period was shortened to begin on the Sunday before December and became the current Advent within a few centuries.^[12]

Celebrations by culture[edit]

Germanic[edit]

Austrian[edit]

In Austria, St Martin’s Day is celebrated the same way as in Germany. The nights before and on the night of 11 November, children walk in processions carrying lanterns, which they made in school, and sing Martin songs.^{[citation needed]} Martinloben is celebrated as a collective festival. Events include art exhibitions, wine tastings, and live music. Martinigansl (roasted goose) is the traditional dish of the season.^[13]

Dutch and Flemish[edit]

In the Netherlands, on the evening of 11 November, children go door to door (mostly under parental supervision) with lanterns made of hollowed-out sugar beet or, more recently, paper, singing songs such as «Sinte(re) Sinte(re) Maarten», to receive sweets or fruit in return. In the past, poor people would visit farms on 11 November to get food for the winter. In the 1600s, the city of Amsterdam held boat races on the IJ, where 400 to 500 light craft, both rowing boats and sailboats, took part with a vast crowd on the banks. St Martin is the patron saint of the city of Utrecht, and St Martin’s Day is celebrated there with a big lantern parade.^{[citation needed]}

In Flanders, the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium, St Martin’s Eve is celebrated on the evening of 10 November, mainly in West Flanders and around Ypres. Children go through the streets with paper lanterns and candles, and sing songs about St Martin. Sometimes, a man dressed as St Martin rides on a horse in front of the procession.^[14] The children receive presents from either their friends or family as supposedly coming from St Martin.^{[citation needed]} In some areas, there is a traditional goose meal.^{[citation needed]}

In Wervik, children go from door to door, singing traditional «Séngmarténg» songs, sporting a hollow beetroot with a carved face and a candle inside called «Bolle Séngmarténg»; they gather at an evening bonfire. At the end the beetroots are thrown into the fire, and pancakes are served.^{[citation needed]}

English[edit]

Martinmas was widely celebrated on 11 November in medieval and early modern England. In his study «Medieval English Martinmesse: The Archaeology of a Forgotten Festival», Martin Walsh describes Martinmas as a festival marking the end of the harvest season and beginning of winter.^[6] He suggests it had pre-Christian roots.^[6] Martinmas ushered in the «winter revelling season» and involved feasting on the meat of livestock that had been slaughtered for winter provision (especially ‘Martlemas beef’), drinking, storytelling, and mumming.^[6] It was a time for saying farewell to travelling ploughmen, who shared in the feast along with the harvest-workers.^[6]

According to Walsh, Martinmas eventually died out in England as a result of the English Reformation, the emergence of Guy Fawkes Night (5 November), as well as changes in farming and the Industrial Revolution.^[6] Today, 11 November is Remembrance Day.

German[edit]

A widespread custom in Germany is to light bonfires, called Martinsfeuer, on St Martin’s Eve. In recent years, the processions that accompany those fires have been spread over almost a fortnight before Martinmas (Martinstag). At one time, the Rhine River valley would be lined with fires on the eve of Martinmas. In the Rhineland, Martin’s day is celebrated traditionally with a get-together during which a roasted suckling pig is shared with the neighbours.

The nights before and on the eve itself, children walk in processions called Laternelaufen, carrying lanterns, which they made in school, and sing St Martin’s songs. Usually, the walk starts at a church and goes to a public square. A man on horseback representing St Martin accompanies the children. When they reach the square, Martin’s bonfire is lit and Martin’s pretzels are distributed.^[15]

In the Rhineland, the children also go from house to house with their lanterns, sing songs and get candy in return. The origin of the procession of lanterns is unclear. To some, it is a substitute for the Martinmas bonfire, which is still lit in a few cities and villages throughout Europe. It formerly symbolized the light that holiness brings to the darkness, just as St Martin brought hope to the poor through his good deeds. Even though the bonfire tradition is gradually being lost, the procession of lanterns is still practiced.^[16]

A Martinsgans («St Martin’s goose»), is typically served on St Martin’s Eve following the procession of lanterns. «Martinsgans» is usually served in restaurants, roasted, with red cabbage and dumplings.^[16]

The traditional sweet of Martinmas in the Rhineland is Martinshörnchen, a pastry shaped in the form of a croissant, which recalls both the hooves of St Martin’s horse and, by being the half of a pretzel, the parting of his mantle. In some areas, these pastries are instead shaped like men (Stutenkerl or Weckmänner).

St Martin’s Day is also celebrated in German Lorraine and Alsace, which border the Rhineland and are now part of France. Children receive gifts and sweets. In Alsace, in particular the Haut-Rhin mountainous region, families with young children make lanterns out of painted paper that they carry in a colourful procession up the mountain at night. Some schools organise these events, in particular schools of the Rudolf Steiner (Waldorf education) pedagogy. In these regions, the day marks the beginning of the holiday season.^{[citation needed]} In the German speaking parts of Belgium, notably Eupen and Sankt Vith, processions similar to those in Germany take place.^{[citation needed]}

German American[edit]

In the United States, St. Martin’s Day celebrations are uncommon, but are typically held by German American communities.^[17] Many German restaurants feature a traditional menu with goose and Glühwein (a mulled red wine). St Paul, Minnesota celebrates with a traditional lantern procession around Rice Park. The evening includes German treats and traditions that highlight the season of giving.^[18] In Dayton, Ohio the Dayton Liederkranz-Turner organization hosts a St Martin’s Family Celebration on the weekend before with an evening lantern parade to the singing of St Martin’s carols, followed by a bonfire.^[19]

Swedish[edit]

St Martin’s Day or St Martin’s Eve (Mårtensafton) was an important medieval autumn feast in Sweden. In early November, geese are ready for slaughter, and on St Martin’s Eve it is tradition to have a roast goose dinner. The custom is particularly popular in Scania in southern Sweden, where goose farming has long been practised, but it has gradually spread northwards. A proper goose dinner also includes svartsoppa (a heavily spiced soup made from geese blood) and apple charlotte.^[20]

Slavic[edit]

Croatian[edit]

In Croatia, St. Martin’s Day (Martinje, Martinovanje) marks the day when the must traditionally turns to wine. The must is usually considered impure and sinful, until it is baptised and turned into wine. The baptism is performed by someone who dresses up as a bishop and blesses the wine; this is usually done by the host. Another person is chosen as the godfather of the wine.

Czech[edit]

A Czech proverb connected with the Feast of St. Martin – Martin přijíždí na bílém koni (transl. «Martin is coming on a white horse») – signifies that the first half of November in the Czech Republic is the time when it often starts to snow. St. Martin’s Day is the traditional feast day in the run-up to Advent. Restaurants often serve roast goose as well as young wine from the recent harvest known as Svatomartinské víno, which is similar to Beaujolais nouveau as the first wine of the season. Wine shops and restaurants around Prague pour the first of the St. Martin’s wines at 11:11 a.m. Many restaurants offer special menus for the day, featuring the traditional roast goose.^[21]

Polish[edit]

In Poland, 11 November is National Independence Day. St. Martin’s Day (Dzień Świętego Marcina) is celebrated mainly in the city of Poznań where its citizens buy and eat considerable amounts of croissants filled with almond paste with white poppy seeds, the Rogal świętomarciński or St. Martin’s Croissants. Legend has it that this centuries-old tradition commemorates a Poznań baker’s dream which had the saint entering the city on a white horse that lost its golden horseshoe. The next morning, the baker whipped up horseshoe-shaped croissants filled with almonds, white poppy seeds and nuts, and gave them to the poor. In recent years, competition amongst local patisseries has become fierce. The product is registered under the European Union Protected Designation of Origin and only a limited number of bakers hold an official certificate. Poznanians celebrate the festival with concerts, parades and a fireworks show on Saint Martin’s Street. Goose meat dishes are also eaten during the holiday.^[22]

Slovene[edit]

The biggest event in Slovenia is the St. Martin’s Day celebration in Maribor which marks the symbolic winding up of all the wine growers’ endeavours. There is the ceremonial «christening» of the new wine, and the arrival of the Wine Queen. The square Trg Leona Štuklja is filled with musicians and stalls offering autumn produce and delicacies.^[23]

Celtic[edit]

Irish[edit]

In some parts^[24] of Ireland, on the eve of St. Martin’s Day (Lá Fhéile Mártain in Irish), it was tradition to sacrifice a cockerel by bleeding it. The blood was collected and sprinkled on the four corners of the house.^[25][24] Also in Ireland, no wheel of any kind was to turn on St. Martin’s Day, because Martin was said by some people^[24] to have been thrown into a mill stream and killed by the wheel and so it was not right to turn any kind of wheel on that day. A local legend in Co. Wexford says that putting to sea is to be avoided as St. Martin rides a white horse across Wexford Bay bringing death by drowning to any who see him.^[26]

Welsh[edit]

In Welsh mythology the day is associated with the Cŵn Annwn, the spectral hounds who escort souls to the otherworld (Annwn). St Martin’s Day was one of the few nights the hounds would engage in a Wild Hunt, stalking the land for criminals and villains.^[27] The supernatural character of the day in Welsh culture is evident in the number omens associated with it. Marie Trevelyan recorded that if the hooting of an owl was heard on St Martin’s Day it was seen as a bad omen for that district. If a meteor was seen, then there would be trouble for the whole nation.^[28]

Latvian[edit]

Mārtiņi (Martin’s) is traditionally celebrated by Latvians on 10 November, marking the end of the preparations for winter, such as salting meat and fish, storing the harvest and making preserves. Mārtiņi also marks the beginning of masquerading and sledding, among other winter activities.

Maltese[edit]

St. Martin’s Day (Jum San Martin in Maltese) is celebrated in Malta on the Sunday nearest to 11 November. Children are given a bag full of fruits and sweets associated with the feast, known by the Maltese as Il-Borża ta’ San Martin, «St. Martin’s bag». This bag may include walnuts, hazelnuts, almonds, chestnuts, dried or processed figs, seasonal fruit (like oranges, tangerines, apples and pomegranates) and «Saint Martin’s bread roll» (Maltese: Ħobża ta’ San Martin). In old days, nuts were used by the children in their games.

There is a traditional rhyme associated with this custom:

Ġewż, Lewż, Qastan, Tin

Kemm inħobbu lil San Martin.

(Walnuts, Almonds, Chestnuts, Figs

I love Saint Martin so much.)

A feast is celebrated in the village of Baħrija on the outskirts of Rabat, including a procession led by the statue of Saint Martin. There is also a fair, and a show for local animals. San Anton School, a private school on the island, organises a walk to and from a cave especially associated with Martin in remembrance of the day.

Portuguese and Galician[edit]

In Portugal, St. Martin’s Day (Dia de São Martinho) is commonly associated with the celebration of the maturation of the year’s wine, being traditionally the first day when the new wine can be tasted. It is celebrated, traditionally around a bonfire, eating the magusto, chestnuts roasted under the embers of the bonfire (sometimes dry figs and walnuts), and drinking a local light alcoholic beverage called água-pé (literally «foot water», made by adding water to the pomace left after the juice is pressed out of the grapes for wine – traditionally by stomping on them in vats with bare feet, and letting it ferment for several days), or the stronger jeropiga (a sweet liquor obtained in a very similar fashion, with aguardente added to the water). Água-pé, though no longer available for sale in supermarkets and similar outlets (it is officially banned for sale in Portugal), is still generally available in small local shops from domestic production.^{[citation needed]}

Leite de Vasconcelos regarded the magusto as the vestige of an ancient sacrifice to honor the dead and stated that it was tradition in Barqueiros to prepare, at midnight, a table with chestnuts for the deceased family members to eat.^[29] The people also mask their faces with the dark wood ashes from the bonfire.^{[citation needed]}
A typical Portuguese saying related to Saint Martin’s Day:

É dia de São Martinho;
comem-se castanhas, prova-se o vinho.
(It is St. Martin’s Day,
we’ll eat chestnuts, we’ll taste the wine.)

This period is also quite popular because of the usual good weather period that occurs in Portugal in this time of year, called Verão de São Martinho (St. Martin’s Summer). It is frequently tied to the legend since Portuguese versions of St. Martin’s legend usually replace the snowstorm with rain (because snow is not frequent in most parts of Portugal, while rain is common at that time of the year) and have Jesus bringing the end of it, thus making the «summer» a gift from God.^{[citation needed]}

St Martin’s Day is widely celebrated in Galicia. It is the traditional day for slaughtering fattened pigs for the winter. This tradition has given way to the popular saying «A cada cerdo le llega su San Martín from Galician A cada porquiño chégalle o seu San Martiño («Every pig gets its St Martin»). The phrase is used to indicate that wrongdoers eventually get their comeuppance.

Sicilian[edit]

In Sicily, November is the winemaking season. On the day Sicilians eat anise, hard biscuits dipped into Moscato, Malvasia or Passito. l’Estate di San Martino (Saint Martin’s Summer) is the traditional reference to a period of unseasonably warm weather in early to mid November, possibly shared with the Normans (who founded the Kingdom of Sicily) as common in at least late English folklore. The day is celebrated in a special way in a village near Messina and at a monastery dedicated to Saint Martin overlooking Palermo beyond Monreale.^[30] Other places in Sicily mark the day by eating fava beans.^{[citation needed]}

In art[edit]

Pieter Bruegel the Elder’s physically largest painting is The Wine of Saint Martin’s Day, which depicts the saint giving charity.

There is a closely similar painting by Peeter Baltens, which can be seen here.

See also[edit]

• St. Catherine’s Day

References[edit]

External links[edit]

Media related to St. Martin’s Day at Wikimedia Commons

• How to make a St. Martin’s Day lantern
• UK History of Martinmas
• St. Martin’s Day in Germany
• St. Martin of Tours
• Alice’s Medieval Feasts & Fasts

Saint Martin’s Day or Martinmas, sometimes historically called Old Halloween or Old Hallowmas Eve,^[1][2] is the feast day of Saint Martin of Tours and is celebrated in the liturgical year on 11 November. In the Middle Ages and early modern period, it was an important festival in many parts of Europe, particularly Germanic-speaking regions. In these regions, it marked the end of the harvest season and beginning of winter.^[3] and the «winter revelling season». Traditions include feasting on ‘Martinmas goose’ or ‘Martinmas beef’, drinking the first wine of the season, and mumming. In some German and Dutch-speaking towns, there are processions of children with lanterns (Laternelaufen), sometimes led by a horseman representing St Martin. The saint was also said to bestow gifts on children. In the Rhineland, it is also marked by lighting bonfires.

Martin of Tours (died 397) was a Roman soldier who was baptized as an adult and became a bishop in Gaul. He is best known for the tale whereby he cut his cloak in half with his sword, to give half to a beggar who was dressed in only rags in the depth of winter. That night Martin had a vision of Jesus Christ wearing the half-cloak.^[4][5]

Customs[edit]

Traditionally, in many parts of Europe, St Martin’s Day marked the end of the harvest and the beginning of winter. The feast coincides with the end of the Octave of Allhallowtide.

Feasting and drinking[edit]

Martinmas was traditionally when livestock were slaughtered for winter provision.^[6] It may originally have been a time of animal sacrifice, as the Old English name for November was Blōtmōnaþ (‘sacrifice month’).^[7]

Goose is eaten at Martinmas in most places. There is a legend that St Martin, when trying to avoid being ordained bishop, hid in a pen of geese whose cackling gave him away. Once a key medieval autumn feast, a custom of eating goose on the day spread to Sweden from France. It was primarily observed by the craftsmen and noblemen of the towns. In the peasant community, not everyone could afford this, so many ate duck or hen instead.^[8]

In winegrowing regions of Europe, the first wine was ready around the time of Martinmas. Although there was no mention of a link between St Martin and winegrowing by Gregory of Tours or other early hagiographers, St Martin is widely credited in France with helping to spread winemaking throughout the region of Tours (Touraine) and facilitating vine-planting. The old Greek tale that Aristaeus discovered the advantage of pruning vines after watching a goat has been appropriated to St Martin.^[9] He is credited with introducing the Chenin blanc grape, from which most of the white wine of western Touraine and Anjou is made.^[9]

Bonfires and lanterns[edit]

Bonfires are lit on St Martin’s Eve in the Rhineland region of Germany. In the fifteenth century, these bonfires were so numerous that the festival was nicknamed Funkentag (spark day).^[7] In the nineteenth century it was recorded that young people danced around the fire and leapt through the flames, and that the ashes were strewn on the fields to make them fertile.^[7] Similar customs were part of the Gaelic festival Samhain (1 November).

In some German and Dutch-speaking towns, there are nighttime processions of children carrying paper lanterns or turnip lanterns and singing songs of St Martin.^[7] These processions are known in German as Laternelaufen.

Gift-bringers[edit]

In parts of Flanders and the Rhineland, processions are led by a man on horseback representing St Martin, who may give out apples, nuts, cakes or other sweets for children.^[7] Historically, in Ypres, children hung up stockings filled with hay on Martinmas Eve, and awoke the next morning to find gifts in them. These were said to have been left by St Martin as thanks for the fodder provided for his horse.^[7]

In the Swabia and Ansbach regions of Germany, a character called Pelzmärten (‘pelt Martin’ or ‘skin Martin’) appeared at Martinmas until the 19th century. With a black face and wearing a cow bell, he ran about frightening children, and he dealt out blows as well as nuts and apples.^[7]

Eve of St Martin’s Lent[edit]

In the 6th century, church councils began requiring fasting on all days, except Saturdays and Sundays, from Saint Martin’s Day to Epiphany (elsewhere, the Feast of the Three Wise Men for the stopping of the star over Bethlehem)^[10] on January 6 (56 days). An addition to and an equivalent to the 40 days fasting of Lent, given its weekend breaks, this was called Quadragesima Sancti Martini (Saint Martin’s Lent, or literally «the fortieth of»).^[11] This is rarely observed now. This period was shortened to begin on the Sunday before December and became the current Advent within a few centuries.^[12]

Celebrations by culture[edit]

Germanic[edit]

Austrian[edit]

In Austria, St Martin’s Day is celebrated the same way as in Germany. The nights before and on the night of 11 November, children walk in processions carrying lanterns, which they made in school, and sing Martin songs.^{[citation needed]} Martinloben is celebrated as a collective festival. Events include art exhibitions, wine tastings, and live music. Martinigansl (roasted goose) is the traditional dish of the season.^[13]

Dutch and Flemish[edit]

In the Netherlands, on the evening of 11 November, children go door to door (mostly under parental supervision) with lanterns made of hollowed-out sugar beet or, more recently, paper, singing songs such as «Sinte(re) Sinte(re) Maarten», to receive sweets or fruit in return. In the past, poor people would visit farms on 11 November to get food for the winter. In the 1600s, the city of Amsterdam held boat races on the IJ, where 400 to 500 light craft, both rowing boats and sailboats, took part with a vast crowd on the banks. St Martin is the patron saint of the city of Utrecht, and St Martin’s Day is celebrated there with a big lantern parade.^{[citation needed]}

In Flanders, the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium, St Martin’s Eve is celebrated on the evening of 10 November, mainly in West Flanders and around Ypres. Children go through the streets with paper lanterns and candles, and sing songs about St Martin. Sometimes, a man dressed as St Martin rides on a horse in front of the procession.^[14] The children receive presents from either their friends or family as supposedly coming from St Martin.^{[citation needed]} In some areas, there is a traditional goose meal.^{[citation needed]}

In Wervik, children go from door to door, singing traditional «Séngmarténg» songs, sporting a hollow beetroot with a carved face and a candle inside called «Bolle Séngmarténg»; they gather at an evening bonfire. At the end the beetroots are thrown into the fire, and pancakes are served.^{[citation needed]}

English[edit]

Martinmas was widely celebrated on 11 November in medieval and early modern England. In his study «Medieval English Martinmesse: The Archaeology of a Forgotten Festival», Martin Walsh describes Martinmas as a festival marking the end of the harvest season and beginning of winter.^[6] He suggests it had pre-Christian roots.^[6] Martinmas ushered in the «winter revelling season» and involved feasting on the meat of livestock that had been slaughtered for winter provision (especially ‘Martlemas beef’), drinking, storytelling, and mumming.^[6] It was a time for saying farewell to travelling ploughmen, who shared in the feast along with the harvest-workers.^[6]

According to Walsh, Martinmas eventually died out in England as a result of the English Reformation, the emergence of Guy Fawkes Night (5 November), as well as changes in farming and the Industrial Revolution.^[6] Today, 11 November is Remembrance Day.

German[edit]

A widespread custom in Germany is to light bonfires, called Martinsfeuer, on St Martin’s Eve. In recent years, the processions that accompany those fires have been spread over almost a fortnight before Martinmas (Martinstag). At one time, the Rhine River valley would be lined with fires on the eve of Martinmas. In the Rhineland, Martin’s day is celebrated traditionally with a get-together during which a roasted suckling pig is shared with the neighbours.

The nights before and on the eve itself, children walk in processions called Laternelaufen, carrying lanterns, which they made in school, and sing St Martin’s songs. Usually, the walk starts at a church and goes to a public square. A man on horseback representing St Martin accompanies the children. When they reach the square, Martin’s bonfire is lit and Martin’s pretzels are distributed.^[15]

In the Rhineland, the children also go from house to house with their lanterns, sing songs and get candy in return. The origin of the procession of lanterns is unclear. To some, it is a substitute for the Martinmas bonfire, which is still lit in a few cities and villages throughout Europe. It formerly symbolized the light that holiness brings to the darkness, just as St Martin brought hope to the poor through his good deeds. Even though the bonfire tradition is gradually being lost, the procession of lanterns is still practiced.^[16]

A Martinsgans («St Martin’s goose»), is typically served on St Martin’s Eve following the procession of lanterns. «Martinsgans» is usually served in restaurants, roasted, with red cabbage and dumplings.^[16]

The traditional sweet of Martinmas in the Rhineland is Martinshörnchen, a pastry shaped in the form of a croissant, which recalls both the hooves of St Martin’s horse and, by being the half of a pretzel, the parting of his mantle. In some areas, these pastries are instead shaped like men (Stutenkerl or Weckmänner).

St Martin’s Day is also celebrated in German Lorraine and Alsace, which border the Rhineland and are now part of France. Children receive gifts and sweets. In Alsace, in particular the Haut-Rhin mountainous region, families with young children make lanterns out of painted paper that they carry in a colourful procession up the mountain at night. Some schools organise these events, in particular schools of the Rudolf Steiner (Waldorf education) pedagogy. In these regions, the day marks the beginning of the holiday season.^{[citation needed]} In the German speaking parts of Belgium, notably Eupen and Sankt Vith, processions similar to those in Germany take place.^{[citation needed]}

German American[edit]

In the United States, St. Martin’s Day celebrations are uncommon, but are typically held by German American communities.^[17] Many German restaurants feature a traditional menu with goose and Glühwein (a mulled red wine). St Paul, Minnesota celebrates with a traditional lantern procession around Rice Park. The evening includes German treats and traditions that highlight the season of giving.^[18] In Dayton, Ohio the Dayton Liederkranz-Turner organization hosts a St Martin’s Family Celebration on the weekend before with an evening lantern parade to the singing of St Martin’s carols, followed by a bonfire.^[19]

Swedish[edit]

St Martin’s Day or St Martin’s Eve (Mårtensafton) was an important medieval autumn feast in Sweden. In early November, geese are ready for slaughter, and on St Martin’s Eve it is tradition to have a roast goose dinner. The custom is particularly popular in Scania in southern Sweden, where goose farming has long been practised, but it has gradually spread northwards. A proper goose dinner also includes svartsoppa (a heavily spiced soup made from geese blood) and apple charlotte.^[20]

Slavic[edit]

Croatian[edit]

In Croatia, St. Martin’s Day (Martinje, Martinovanje) marks the day when the must traditionally turns to wine. The must is usually considered impure and sinful, until it is baptised and turned into wine. The baptism is performed by someone who dresses up as a bishop and blesses the wine; this is usually done by the host. Another person is chosen as the godfather of the wine.

Czech[edit]

A Czech proverb connected with the Feast of St. Martin – Martin přijíždí na bílém koni (transl. «Martin is coming on a white horse») – signifies that the first half of November in the Czech Republic is the time when it often starts to snow. St. Martin’s Day is the traditional feast day in the run-up to Advent. Restaurants often serve roast goose as well as young wine from the recent harvest known as Svatomartinské víno, which is similar to Beaujolais nouveau as the first wine of the season. Wine shops and restaurants around Prague pour the first of the St. Martin’s wines at 11:11 a.m. Many restaurants offer special menus for the day, featuring the traditional roast goose.^[21]

Polish[edit]

In Poland, 11 November is National Independence Day. St. Martin’s Day (Dzień Świętego Marcina) is celebrated mainly in the city of Poznań where its citizens buy and eat considerable amounts of croissants filled with almond paste with white poppy seeds, the Rogal świętomarciński or St. Martin’s Croissants. Legend has it that this centuries-old tradition commemorates a Poznań baker’s dream which had the saint entering the city on a white horse that lost its golden horseshoe. The next morning, the baker whipped up horseshoe-shaped croissants filled with almonds, white poppy seeds and nuts, and gave them to the poor. In recent years, competition amongst local patisseries has become fierce. The product is registered under the European Union Protected Designation of Origin and only a limited number of bakers hold an official certificate. Poznanians celebrate the festival with concerts, parades and a fireworks show on Saint Martin’s Street. Goose meat dishes are also eaten during the holiday.^[22]

Slovene[edit]

The biggest event in Slovenia is the St. Martin’s Day celebration in Maribor which marks the symbolic winding up of all the wine growers’ endeavours. There is the ceremonial «christening» of the new wine, and the arrival of the Wine Queen. The square Trg Leona Štuklja is filled with musicians and stalls offering autumn produce and delicacies.^[23]

Celtic[edit]

Irish[edit]

In some parts^[24] of Ireland, on the eve of St. Martin’s Day (Lá Fhéile Mártain in Irish), it was tradition to sacrifice a cockerel by bleeding it. The blood was collected and sprinkled on the four corners of the house.^[25][24] Also in Ireland, no wheel of any kind was to turn on St. Martin’s Day, because Martin was said by some people^[24] to have been thrown into a mill stream and killed by the wheel and so it was not right to turn any kind of wheel on that day. A local legend in Co. Wexford says that putting to sea is to be avoided as St. Martin rides a white horse across Wexford Bay bringing death by drowning to any who see him.^[26]

Welsh[edit]

In Welsh mythology the day is associated with the Cŵn Annwn, the spectral hounds who escort souls to the otherworld (Annwn). St Martin’s Day was one of the few nights the hounds would engage in a Wild Hunt, stalking the land for criminals and villains.^[27] The supernatural character of the day in Welsh culture is evident in the number omens associated with it. Marie Trevelyan recorded that if the hooting of an owl was heard on St Martin’s Day it was seen as a bad omen for that district. If a meteor was seen, then there would be trouble for the whole nation.^[28]

Latvian[edit]

Mārtiņi (Martin’s) is traditionally celebrated by Latvians on 10 November, marking the end of the preparations for winter, such as salting meat and fish, storing the harvest and making preserves. Mārtiņi also marks the beginning of masquerading and sledding, among other winter activities.

Maltese[edit]

St. Martin’s Day (Jum San Martin in Maltese) is celebrated in Malta on the Sunday nearest to 11 November. Children are given a bag full of fruits and sweets associated with the feast, known by the Maltese as Il-Borża ta’ San Martin, «St. Martin’s bag». This bag may include walnuts, hazelnuts, almonds, chestnuts, dried or processed figs, seasonal fruit (like oranges, tangerines, apples and pomegranates) and «Saint Martin’s bread roll» (Maltese: Ħobża ta’ San Martin). In old days, nuts were used by the children in their games.

There is a traditional rhyme associated with this custom:

Ġewż, Lewż, Qastan, Tin

Kemm inħobbu lil San Martin.

(Walnuts, Almonds, Chestnuts, Figs

I love Saint Martin so much.)

A feast is celebrated in the village of Baħrija on the outskirts of Rabat, including a procession led by the statue of Saint Martin. There is also a fair, and a show for local animals. San Anton School, a private school on the island, organises a walk to and from a cave especially associated with Martin in remembrance of the day.

Portuguese and Galician[edit]

In Portugal, St. Martin’s Day (Dia de São Martinho) is commonly associated with the celebration of the maturation of the year’s wine, being traditionally the first day when the new wine can be tasted. It is celebrated, traditionally around a bonfire, eating the magusto, chestnuts roasted under the embers of the bonfire (sometimes dry figs and walnuts), and drinking a local light alcoholic beverage called água-pé (literally «foot water», made by adding water to the pomace left after the juice is pressed out of the grapes for wine – traditionally by stomping on them in vats with bare feet, and letting it ferment for several days), or the stronger jeropiga (a sweet liquor obtained in a very similar fashion, with aguardente added to the water). Água-pé, though no longer available for sale in supermarkets and similar outlets (it is officially banned for sale in Portugal), is still generally available in small local shops from domestic production.^{[citation needed]}

Leite de Vasconcelos regarded the magusto as the vestige of an ancient sacrifice to honor the dead and stated that it was tradition in Barqueiros to prepare, at midnight, a table with chestnuts for the deceased family members to eat.^[29] The people also mask their faces with the dark wood ashes from the bonfire.^{[citation needed]}
A typical Portuguese saying related to Saint Martin’s Day:

É dia de São Martinho;
comem-se castanhas, prova-se o vinho.
(It is St. Martin’s Day,
we’ll eat chestnuts, we’ll taste the wine.)

This period is also quite popular because of the usual good weather period that occurs in Portugal in this time of year, called Verão de São Martinho (St. Martin’s Summer). It is frequently tied to the legend since Portuguese versions of St. Martin’s legend usually replace the snowstorm with rain (because snow is not frequent in most parts of Portugal, while rain is common at that time of the year) and have Jesus bringing the end of it, thus making the «summer» a gift from God.^{[citation needed]}

St Martin’s Day is widely celebrated in Galicia. It is the traditional day for slaughtering fattened pigs for the winter. This tradition has given way to the popular saying «A cada cerdo le llega su San Martín from Galician A cada porquiño chégalle o seu San Martiño («Every pig gets its St Martin»). The phrase is used to indicate that wrongdoers eventually get their comeuppance.

Sicilian[edit]

In Sicily, November is the winemaking season. On the day Sicilians eat anise, hard biscuits dipped into Moscato, Malvasia or Passito. l’Estate di San Martino (Saint Martin’s Summer) is the traditional reference to a period of unseasonably warm weather in early to mid November, possibly shared with the Normans (who founded the Kingdom of Sicily) as common in at least late English folklore. The day is celebrated in a special way in a village near Messina and at a monastery dedicated to Saint Martin overlooking Palermo beyond Monreale.^[30] Other places in Sicily mark the day by eating fava beans.^{[citation needed]}

In art[edit]

Pieter Bruegel the Elder’s physically largest painting is The Wine of Saint Martin’s Day, which depicts the saint giving charity.

There is a closely similar painting by Peeter Baltens, which can be seen here.

See also[edit]

• St. Catherine’s Day

References[edit]

External links[edit]

Media related to St. Martin’s Day at Wikimedia Commons

• How to make a St. Martin’s Day lantern
• UK History of Martinmas
• St. Martin’s Day in Germany
• St. Martin of Tours
• Alice’s Medieval Feasts & Fasts

Год полон праздниками напитков, поэтому вы обязаны знать, какой коктейль отмечает праздник с вами в один месяц. 

Кадр из фильма «Беспечный ездок» 

Январь: День кровавой Мэри (1 января)

Масло в огонь подливает то, что этот день приходится на один из самых похмельных дней года: на 1 января. Если вы поклонник пикантных коктейлей, отмечайте свой День рождения в обнимку с Мэри. Такой кровавой.

Фото @alexas_fotos, pixabay.com

Февраль: День Маргариты (22 февраля)

Даже несмотря на то, что ваш День рождения выпадает на мертвую зиму, вы можете выпить Маргариту и вспомнить лето. Можно сделать из нее даже мороженое.

Фото @alexas_fotos, pixabay.com

Март: День глинтвейна (3 марта)

Если вы живете на Севере, скорее всего, вы награждены морозами в марте. Сварите Глинтвейн и отмечайте ваш совместный праздник в тепле. Да даже если вы живете на Юге, все равно варите (или покупайте) и пейте.

Фото @daria-yakovleva, pixabay.com

Апрель: Международный день Джин-тоника (9 апреля)

Добро пожаловать в весну и в ваш День рождения с травяным, освежающим Джин-тоником. Разве вам нужно что-то еще?

Фото @einladung_zum_essen, pixabay.com 

Май: День Мимозы (16 мая)

Люди, родившиеся в Мае, должны побаловать себя еще и днем рождения Мимозы 16 мая. Налейте себе Мимозу и получайте удовольствие от готовящейся к лету природы.

Фото @jeshootscom, pixabay.com 

Июнь: День мартини (19 июня)

Если вы родились не просто в июне, а 19 июня, то, скорее всего, вы родились богом, ведь ваш напиток — Мартини. Сделайте классический коктейль с мартини, который соответствует вашим вкусовым предпочтениям, и потягивайте его с важным видом всю ночь.

Фото @stevepb, pixabay.com 

Июль: День Дайкири (19 июля)

Теперь, когда лето идет полным ходом, Дни рождения должны праздноваться с самым острым коктейлем. Не ждите 19 июля, начинайте пить прямо с первого дня.

Фото @alexas_fotos, pixabay.com

Август: День виски (25 августа)

Виски — это не только зимний напиток, как принято считать. На самом деле есть множество вкуснейших коктейлей на основе виски, чтобы наслаждаться ими все лето. 25 августа напейтесь ими, как в последний раз. Скоро ведь осень.

Фото @socialbutterflymmg, pixabay.com

Сентябрь: День рома (20 сентября)

Сентябрь — это та прекрасная пора, когда еще вроде половина лета, вроде и половина осени, и все это идеально подходит для вечеринок. Почувствуйте с помощью рома тот летне-тропический ветерок, постепенно уходящий в осеннюю пору.

Фото @socialbutterflymmg, pixabay.com

Октябрь: Месяц Эпплджека

Октябрь — это время для чего? Для депрессии? Да нет. Для слез? Да нет же! Для сбора яблок и согревающих коктейлей, конечно же! Пейте Эпплджек весь месяц без перерыва.

Фото @congerdesign, pixabay.com

Ноябрь: День Харви Волбенгера (8 ноября)

Харви Волбенгер — это очень странный коктейль, так что не удивляйтесь, если вы родились в ноябре и получились немного не в себе. Вы, должно быть, уникальны и очаровательны, как Харви.

Фото @congerdesign, pixabay.com

Декабрь: День Эгг-ног (24 сентября)

Милые декабрьские детишки! Ну что может быть очаровательнее того, что вы родились в один месяц с коктейлем на основе яиц и молока? Так бахнем туда бренди, чтобы показать, что в тихом омуте-то черти, все-таки, водятся.

Фото @jill111, pixabay.com

• Автор:

  Марина Тихомирова
  

19 июня отмечается ряд праздников и памятных дат. Подборка от редакции Total.kz.

Международный день борьбы с сексуальным насилием в условиях конфликта

Эта дата учреждена резолюцией Генеральной Ассамблеей ООН от 19 июня 2015 года с целью привлечения дополнительного внимания к проблеме сексуального насилия в условиях различных конфликтов: как международных, так и внутригосударственных (гражданских войн), независимо от того, какой характер они носят: политический, религиозный, национальный.

Дата выбрана в честь принятия 19 июня 2008 года резолюции Совета Безопасности 1820 (2008), в которой Совет осудил сексуальное насилие в качестве тактики ведения войны и препятствия на пути миростроительства.

Международный день коктейля мартини

Ежегодно 19 июня отмечается день, посвященный одному из самых популярных алкогольных коктейлей — Международный день коктейля мартини. Мартини — коктейль-аперитив, традиционно изготавливающийся на основе джина и вермута. Входит в число официальных коктейлей Международной ассоциации барменов.

Мартини изобретен в Америке в 1870-х годах и получил широкое распространение в «позолоченный век». Коктейль впервые упомянут в руководствах для барменов в 1880-х годах. До середины XX века коктейль мартини состоял в основном из двух ингредиентов: джина и вермута, смесь в охлажденном виде подавалась в бокале на ножке, украшенном оливкой или другим гарниром. В 1920-х годах напиток стал подаваться почти исключительно в привычном сегодня специализированном конусовидном бокале.

157 лет назад Авраам Линкольн принял закон об отмене рабства

Победа Севера над рабовладельческим Югом в Гражданской войне в США в 1861-1865 годах положила конец ввозу рабов на территорию страны. 19 июня 1862 года президент Авраам Линкольн принял закон об отмене рабства, а 1 января 1863 года выпустил Декларацию независимости, в которой призывал союзную армию освобождать всех рабов, находившихся в собственности землевладельцев.

Однако действие декларации не имело должного воздействия вплоть до конца войны, ведь его конституционность оспаривалась самим фактом вооруженного конфликта между Севером и Югом. В декабре 1865 года была принята 13-я поправка к Конституции США, отменившая рабство на всей территории государства. Это событие нанесло окончательный удар по работорговле в стране.

Положение ратифицировали три четверти штатов США, заявив, что ни рабство, ни какая иная принудительная форма работы в США впредь не допускается. Тем не менее работорговля на американском континенте еще продолжалась до конца 19 века. Окончательно она была запрещена в 1886 году на Кубе и в 1888 году в Бразилии. Конвенция о полном запрете рабства и работорговли принята Лигой наций только в 1926 году.

2259 лет назад греческий ученый Эратосфен Киренский вычислил радиус Земли

Эратосфен Киренский (276 год до н.э. – 194 год до н.э.) — греческий математик, астроном, географ и поэт. С раннего возраста он жил в Александрии, здесь он и получил образование под руководством своего ученого земляка Каллимаха, стоявшего во главе Александрийской библиотеки.

Неудовлетворенный познаниями, приобретенными в Александрии, Эратосфен отправился в Афины, где так тесно сблизился со школой Платона, что обыкновенно называл себя платоником. Результатом изучения наук в этих обоих центрах древнегреческого просвещения стала очень разносторонняя, почти энциклопедическая эрудиция Эратосфена; он писал, кроме сочинений по математике, астрономии, геодезии, географии и хронологии, еще трактаты «о добре и зле», о комедии.

Эрастофен — автор многих трудов по математике, астрономии, геодезии, географии. Один из интересных фактов жизни Эратосфена — вычисление радиуса Земли. 19 июня 240 года до н.э. он представил свои вычисления.

Неизвестно, каким стадием (древнегреческая мера длины) пользовался Эратосфен. Если греческим (178 метров), то радиус земли равнялся 7082 километрам; если египетским (172,5 метра), то 6287 километрам. Современные измерения дают для усредненного радиуса Земли величину 6371 километр.

Всемирный день детского футбола

Учредила этот праздник Организация объединенных наций для привлечения молодежи к спорту. Отмечается он 19 июня на основании соглашения между Детским фондом ООН /UNIC-EF/ и ФИФА, подписанного в 2001 году в рамках международного движения «Голосуйте за детей». В этот день в разных странах мира, в том числе и Казахстане, проводятся спортивные мероприятия с участием детских футбольных команд.

150 лет “shaken and stirred» знаменитого коктейля

Да, именно сегодня во всем мире отдают дань одному из самых знаменитых классических коктейлей, изобретенных человечеством. История популярной композиции из джина или водки с вермутом, украшенной оливкой или завитком лимонной кожуры насчитывает полтора века. Класс и элегантность мартини завоевывали сердца аристократов и политиков, актеров и писателей, звезд и членов королевских семей. В длинном списке преданных фанов коктейля  президент США Франклин Рузвельт; американский актер и секс-символ 1930-40-х Кларк Гейбл, прозванный «Королем Голливуда»; писатель Эрнест Хемингуэй; первый официальный долларовый миллиардер в истории Джон Д. Рокфеллер; актер Хамфри Богарт. Последний, правда, всю жизнь активно и мощно пил виски, и лишь незадолго до смерти решил понизить градус. Как оказалось, напрасно. Говорят, последними словами Богарта стала фраза: «Мне не следовало переходить со скотча на мартини».

Традиционно местом рождения аперитива называют Сан-Франциско в Калифорнии, но претендуют на него и Новый Орлеан, и Йонкерс. Та же история с названием и рецептурой: множество версий и гипотез. Одна из них связывает название коктейля с поставками в США в конце 1860-х итальянского вермута, производимого компанией Martini – по имени директора Alessandro Martini. Посетители баров часто просили подать «коктейль с джином и мартини», но со временем название такой смеси сократилось до «мартини». Другая версия гласит, что своим именем аперитив обязан бармену нью-йоркского отеля Knickerbocker некоему Martini di Arma di Taggia, смешавшему первый сухой мартини. Доподлинно известно лишь, что изобретен коктейль в Америке в 1870-х годах, впервые упомянут в руководствах для барменов в 1880-х, а в «позолоченный век» стал по-настоящему популярным.

К 1930-м к армии любителей мартини примкнул американский писатель Эрнест Хемингуэй. В его романе «Прощай, оружие» главный герой, выпив очередной мартини, признается:

«Я никогда не пробовал ничего настолько крутого и чистого. Они (коктейли – авт.) заставили меня почувствовать себя цивилизованным». 

И все же никто не мог побить по части мартини агента 007, Джеймса Бонда, созданного неуемной фантазией Яна Флеминга. Интересно, посчитал ли кто-то несметное количество аперитивов, выпитых супершпионом на страницах бондианы?

А вот еще история из жизни мартини. На этот раз – местная, британская. Легендарный лондонский бартендер «Маэстро» Сальваторе Калабреза, автор бесчисленных книг по благородным алкогольным напиткам, отказался сниматься в бондиане. Причина – принципиальное несогласие с Яном Флемингом, вложившим в уста Джеймса Бонда коронную фразу, которую тот неизменно произносит, заказывая коктейль мартини: shaken not stirred. Калабреза, конечно, понимает, что Флеминг – не миксолог и не бармен, а писатель, вряд ли знавший, что трясти в шейкере водку или джин с вермутом противопоказано. Если, конечно, вы не стремитесь, чтобы внешний вид, вкус и аромат коктейля получились «помойными» – именно это слово употребил Сальваторе в одном из интервью. Он то всю жизнь учил «осторожно перемешивать». Неудивительно, что, услышав, что в «Казино Royale” ему придется на виду у всего человечества трясти шейкер, готовя для агента 007– Дэниела Крейга коктейль мартини, знаменитый бармен предпочел отказаться от роли. Верность классике барменского искусства для Сальваторе оказалась выше соблазна войти в историю бондианы!

Так за что же столько людей по всему миру так любят мартини? 

Если вам довелось попробовать хороший мартини, ответ вы знаете. Хочется только добавить одно важное качество:  мартини невероятно прост в приготовлении. Два ингредиента, смешали, пьем!

Конечно, сегодня есть множество версий и авторских интерпретаций коктейля, но выбор – традиция или инновация – за вами.

P.S. Если кому интересно, Елизавета II предпочитает классический Dry Martini. Со слов Сальваторе Калабреза.