Nowruz | |
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Left-to-right from top:
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Observed by | Iranian peoples (originally and currently)
Various (currently):
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Type | Cultural |
Significance | Day of new year on the Solar Hijri calendar |
Date | 20 March;[24] can vary between 19 and 22 March |
Frequency | Annual |
Norooz, Nawrouz, Newroz, Novruz, Nowrouz, Nawrouz, Nauryz, Nooruz, Nowruz, Navruz, Nevruz, Nowruz, Navruz, Navroz | |
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UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage |
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Country | Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, India, Iran, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan |
Reference | 1161 |
Region | Asia and the Pacific |
Inscription history | |
Inscription | 2016 (4th session) |
Nowruz (Persian: نوروز, [noːˈɾuːz]; lit. ‘new day’)[note 2] is the Persian-language term for the day of the Iranian New Year,[25] also known as the Persian New Year.[26] It begins on the spring equinox[27] and marks the beginning of Farvardin, the first month of the Solar Hijri calendar (an Iranian calendar used officially in Iran and Afghanistan). The day is celebrated worldwide by various ethnolinguistic groups and falls on or around the date of 21 March on the Gregorian calendar.
The day of Nowruz has its origins in the Iranian religion of Zoroastrianism and is thus rooted in the traditions of the Iranian peoples; however, it has been celebrated by diverse communities for over 3,000 years in Western Asia, Central Asia, the Caucasus, the Black Sea Basin, the Balkans, and South Asia.[28][29][30][31] Presently, while it is largely a secular holiday for most celebrants and enjoyed by people of several different faiths and backgrounds, Nowruz remains a holy day for Zoroastrians,[32] Baháʼís,[33] and some Muslim communities.[34][35]
As the spring equinox, Nowruz marks the beginning of spring in the Northern Hemisphere.[36] The moment at which the Sun crosses the celestial equator and equalizes night and day is calculated exactly every year, and families traditionally gather together to observe the rituals.
While Nowruz has been celebrated since the reform of the Iranian calendar in the 11th century CE to mark the new year, the United Nations officially recognized the «International Day of Nowruz» with the adoption of Resolution 64/253 by the United Nations General Assembly in February 2010.[37][38]
Nowruz[edit]
The first day of the Iranian calendar falls on the March equinox, the first day of spring, around 21 March. In the 11th century CE the Iranian calendar was reformed in order to fix the beginning of the calendar year, i.e. Nowruz, at the vernal equinox. Accordingly, the definition of Nowruz given by the Iranian scientist Tusi was the following: «the first day of the official New Year [Nowruz] was always the day on which the sun entered Aries before noon.»[39] Nowruz is the first day of Farvardin, the first month of the Iranian solar calendar.
Etymology[edit]
The word Nowruz is a combination of Persian words نو now – meaning «new» – and روز ruz – meaning «day«. Pronunciation varies among Persian dialects, with Eastern dialects using the pronunciation [noːˈɾuːz] (as in Dari and Classical Persian, whereas in Tajik, it is written as «Наврӯз» Navröz), western dialects and Tehranis [noːˈɾuːz]. A variety of spelling variations for the word nowruz exist in English-language usage, including norooz, novruz, nowruz, navruz, nauruz and newroz.[40][41]
Timing accuracy[edit]
Illumination of the Earth by the Sun on the day of equinox
Nowruz’s timing in Iran is based on Solar Hijri algorithmic calendar, which is based on precise astronomical observations, and moreover use of sophisticated intercalation system, which makes it more accurate than its European counterpart, the Gregorian calendar.[42]
Each 2820 year great grand cycle contains 2137 normal years of 365 days and 683 leap years of 366 days, with the average year length over the great grand cycle of 365.24219852. This average is just 0.00000026 (2.6×10−7) of a day – slightly more than 1/50 of a second – shorter than Newcomb’s value for the mean tropical year of 365.24219878 days, but differs considerably more from the current average vernal equinox year of 365.242362 days, which means that the new year, intended to fall on the vernal equinox, would drift by half a day over the course of a cycle.[42] As the source explains, the 2820-year cycle is erroneous and has never been used in practice.
Charshanbe Suri[edit]
Tehran, National Garden (Bāq-e Melli)
Chaharshanbe Suri (Persian: چهارشنبهسوری, romanized: čahâr-šanbeh suri (lit. «Festive Wednesday») is a prelude to the New Year.[citation needed] In Iran, it is celebrated on the eve of the last Wednesday before Nowruz. It is usually celebrated in the evening by performing rituals such as jumping over bonfires and lighting off firecrackers and fireworks.[43][44]
In Azerbaijan, where the preparation for Novruz usually begins a month earlier, the festival is held every Tuesday during four weeks before the holiday of Novruz. Each Tuesday, people celebrate the day of one of the four elements – water, fire, earth and wind.[45] On the holiday eve, the graves of relatives are visited and tended.[46]
Iranians sing the poetic line «my yellow is yours, your red is mine», which means my weakness to you and your strength to me (Persian: سرخی تو از من، زردی من از تو, romanized: sorkhi to az man, zardi man az to) to the fire during the festival, asking the fire to take away ill-health and problems and replace them with warmth, health, and energy. Trail mix and berries are also served during the celebration.
Spoon banging (قاشق زنی) is a tradition observed on the eve of Charshanbe Suri, similar to the Halloween custom of trick-or-treating. In Iran, people wear disguises and go door-to-door banging spoons against plates or bowls and receive packaged snacks. In Azerbaijan, children slip around to their neighbors’ homes and apartments on the last Tuesday prior to Novruz, knock at the doors, and leave their caps or little basket on the thresholds, hiding nearby to wait for candies, pastries and nuts.[45]
The ritual of jumping over fire has continued in Armenia in the feast of Trndez, which is a feast of purification in the Armenian Apostolic Church and the Armenian Catholic Church, celebrated forty days after Jesus’s birth.[47]
Sizdebedar[edit]
In Iran, the Nowruz holidays last thirteen days. On the thirteenth day of the New Year, Iranians leave their houses to enjoy nature and picnic outdoors, as part of the Sizdebedar ceremony. The greenery grown for the Haft-sin setting is thrown away, particularly into a running water. It is also customary for young single people, especially young girls, to tie the leaves of the greenery before discarding it, expressing a wish to find a partner. Another custom associated with Sizdah Bedar is the playing of jokes and pranks, similar to April Fools’ Day[48]
History and origin[edit]
Ancient roots[edit]
There exist various foundation myths for Nowruz in Iranian mythology.
The Shahnameh credits the foundation of Nowruz to the mythical Iranian King Jamshid, who saves mankind from a winter destined to kill every living creature.[49] To defeat the killer winter, Jamshid constructed a throne studded with gems. He had demons raise him above the earth into the heavens; there he sat, shining like the Sun. The world’s creatures gathered and scattered jewels around him and proclaimed that this was the New Day (Now Ruz). This was the first day of Farvardin, which is the first month of the Iranian calendar.[50]
Although it is not clear whether Proto-Indo-Iranians celebrated a feast as the first day of the calendar, there are indications that Iranians may have observed the beginning of both autumn and spring, respectively related to the harvest and the sowing of seeds, for the celebration of the New Year.[51] Mary Boyce and Frantz Grenet explain the traditions for seasonal festivals and comment: «It is possible that the splendor of the Babylonian festivities at this season, led the Iranians to develop their own spring festival into an established New Year feast, with the name Navasarda «New Year» (a name which, though first attested through Middle Persian derivatives, is attributed to the Achaemenian period).» Akitu was the Babylonian festivity held during the spring month of Nisan in which Nowruz falls. Since the communal observations of the ancient Iranians appear in general to have been seasonal ones and related to agriculture, «it is probable that they traditionally held festivals in both autumn and spring, to mark the major turning points of the natural year.»[51]
Nowruz is partly rooted in the tradition of Iranian religions, such as Mithraism and Zoroastrianism. In Mithraism, festivals had a deep linkage with the Sun’s light. The Iranian festivals such as Mehregan (autumnal equinox), Tirgan, and the eve of Chelle ye Zemestan (winter solstice) also had an origin in the Sun god (Mithra). Among other ideas, Zoroastrianism is the first monotheistic religion that emphasizes broad concepts such as the corresponding work of good and evil in the world, and the connection of humans to nature. Zoroastrian practices were dominant for much of the history of ancient Iran. In Zoroastrianism, the seven most important Zoroastrian festivals are the six Gahambar festivals and Nowruz, which occurs at the spring equinox. According to Mary Boyce,[52] «It seems a reasonable surmise that Nowruz, the holiest of them all, with deep doctrinal significance, was founded by Zoroaster himself»; although there is no clear date of origin.[53] Between sunset on the day of the sixth Gahambar and sunrise of Nowruz, Hamaspathmaedaya (later known, in its extended form, as Frawardinegan; and today is known as Farvardigan) was celebrated. This and the Gahambars are the only festivals named in the surviving text of the Avesta.
The 10th-century scholar Biruni, in his work Kitab al-Tafhim li Awa’il Sina’at al-Tanjim, provides a description of the calendars of various nations. Besides the Iranian calendar, various festivals of Greeks, Jews, Arabs, Sabians, and other nations are mentioned in the book. In the section on the Iranian calendar, he mentions Nowruz, Sadeh, Tirgan, Mehrgan, the six Gahambars, Farvardigan, Bahmanja, Esfand Armaz and several other festivals. According to him, «It is the belief of the Iranians that Nowruz marks the first day when the universe started its motion.»[54] The Persian historian Gardizi, in his work titled Zayn al-Akhbār, under the section of the Zoroastrians festivals, mentions Nowruz (among other festivals) and specifically points out that Zoroaster highly emphasized the celebration of Nowruz and Mehrgan.[55][56]
Achaemenid period[edit]
Although the word Nowruz is not recorded in Achaemenid inscriptions,[57] there is a detailed account by Xenophon of a Nowruz celebration taking place in Persepolis and the continuity of this festival in the Achaemenid tradition.[58] Nowruz was an important day during the Achaemenid Empire (c. 550–330 BCE). Kings of the different Achaemenid nations would bring gifts to the King of Kings. The significance of the ceremony was such that King Cambyses II’s appointment as the king of Babylon was legitimized only after his participation in the referred annual Achaemenid festival.[59]
It has been suggested that the famous Persepolis complex, or at least the palace of Apadana and the Hundred Columns Hall, were built for the specific purpose of celebrating a feast related to Nowruz.
In 539 BCE, the Jews came under Iranian rule, thus exposing both groups to each other’s customs. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, the story of Purim as told in the Book of Esther is adapted from an Iranian novella about the shrewdness of harem queens, suggesting that Purim may be an adoption of Iranian New Year.[60] A specific novella is not identified and Encyclopedia Britannica itself notes that «no Jewish texts of this genre from the Persian period are extant, so these new elements can be recognized only inferentially.» Purim is celebrated the 14 of Adar, usually within a month before Nowruz (as the date of Purim is set according to the Jewish calendar, which is lunisolar), while Nowruz occurs at the spring equinox. It is possible that the Jews and Iranians of the time may have shared or adopted similar customs for these holidays.[61] The Lunar new year of the Middle East occurs on 1 Nisan, the new moon of the first month of spring, which usually falls within a few weeks of Nowruz.
Parthian and Sassanid periods[edit]
Nowruz was the holiday of Parthian dynastic empires who ruled Iran (248 BCE–224 CE) and the other areas ruled by the Arsacid dynasties outside of Parthia (such as the Arsacid dynasties of Armenia and Iberia). There are specific references to the celebration of Nowruz during the reign of Vologases I (51–78 CE), but these include no details.[57] Before Sassanids established their power in Western Asia around 300 CE, Parthians celebrated Nowruz in autumn, and the first of Farvardin began at the autumn equinox. During the reign of the Parthian dynasty, the spring festival was Mehregan, a Zoroastrian and Iranian festival celebrated in honor of Mithra.[62]
Extensive records on the celebration of Nowruz appear following the accession of Ardashir I, the founder of the Sasanian Empire (224–651 CE). Under the Sassanid emperors, Nowruz was celebrated as the most important day of the year. Most royal traditions of Nowruz, such as royal audiences with the public, cash gifts, and the pardoning of prisoners, were established during the Sassanid era and persisted unchanged until modern times.
After the Arab-Muslim conquest[edit]
Nowruz, along with the mid-winter celebration Sadeh, survived the Muslim conquest of Persia of 650 CE. Other celebrations such as the Gahambars and Mehrgan were eventually side-lined or only observed by Zoroastrians. Nowruz became the main royal holiday during the Abbasid period. Much like their predecessors in the Sasanian period, Dehqans would offer gifts to the caliphs and local rulers at the Nowruz and Mehragan festivals.[63]
Following the demise of the caliphate and the subsequent re-emergence of Iranian dynasties such as the Samanids and Buyids, Nowruz became an even more important event. The Buyids revived the ancient traditions of Sassanian times and restored many smaller celebrations that had been eliminated by the caliphate. The Iranian Buyid ruler ‘Adud al-Dawla (r. 949–983) customarily welcomed Nowruz in a majestic hall, decked with gold and silver plates and vases full of fruit and colorful flowers.[64] The King would sit on the royal throne, and the court astronomer would come forward, kiss the ground, and congratulate him on the arrival of the New Year.[64] The king would then summon musicians and singers, and invited his friends to gather and enjoy a great festive occasion.[64]
Later Turkic and Mongol invaders did not attempt to abolish Nowruz.
In 1079 CE during the Seljuq dynasty era, a group of eight scholars led by astronomer and polymath Omar Khayyam calculated and established the Jalali calendar, computing the year starting from Nowruz.
Contemporary Era[edit]
Before the collapse of the Soviet Union, Iran and Afghanistan were the only countries that officially observed the ceremonies of Nowruz. When the Caucasian and Central Asian countries gained independence from the Soviets, they also declared Nowruz as a national holiday.
Nowruz was added to the UNESCO List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2010.[65][66][67][68]
Holiday customs[edit]
March 21 Dushanbe, Tajikistan
House cleaning and shopping[edit]
House cleaning, or shaking the house (Persian: خانه تکانی, romanized: xāne tekāni) is commonly done before the arrival of Nowruz. People start preparing for Nowruz with a major spring cleaning of their homes and by buying new clothes to wear for the New Year, as well as the purchase of flowers. The hyacinth and the tulip are popular and conspicuous.[69]
Visiting family and friends[edit]
During the Nowruz holidays, people are expected to make short visits to the homes of family, friends and neighbors. Typically, young people will visit their elders first, and the elders return their visit later. Visitors are offered tea and pastries, cookies, fresh and dried fruits and mixed nuts or other snacks. Many Iranians throw large Nowruz parties in as a way of dealing with the long distances between groups of friends and family.[70]
Food preparation[edit]
One of the most common foods cooked on the occasion of Nowruz is Samanu (Samanak, Somank, Somalek). This food is prepared using wheat germ. In most countries that celebrate Nowruz, this food is cooked. In some countries, cooking this food is associated with certain rituals. Women and girls in different parts of Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan cook Samanu in groups and sometimes during the night, and when cooking it, they sing memorable songs.
Cooking other foods is also common on Nowruz. For example, Sabzi polo with fish is eaten on Eid night and sweets such as Nan-e Nokhodchi. In general, cooking Nowruz food is common in every region where Nowruz is celebrated, and each area has its food and sweets.
Haft-sin[edit]
The painting depicts Haft-sin symbols of Nowruz being related to elements of Fire, Earth, Air, Water, and the three life forms of Humans, Animals and Plants.
Typically, before the arrival of Nowruz, family members gather around the Haft-sin table and await the exact moment of the March equinox to celebrate the New Year.[71][72] The number 7 and the letter S are related to the seven Ameshasepantas as mentioned in the Zend-Avesta. They relate to the four elements of Fire, Earth, Air, Water, and the three life forms of Humans, Animals and Plants. In modern times the explanation was simplified to mean that the Haft-sin (Persian: هفتسین, seven things beginning with the letter sin (س)) are:
- Sabze (Persian: سبزه) – wheat, barley, mung bean, or lentil sprouts grown in a dish.
- Samanu (Persian: سمنو) – sweet pudding made from wheat germ
- Persian olive (Persian: سنجد, romanized: senjed)
- Vinegar (Persian: سرکه, romanized: serke)
- Apple (Persian: سیب, romanized: sib)
- Garlic (Persian: سیر, romanized: sir)
- Sumac (Persian: سماق, romanized: somāq)
The Haft-sin table may also include a mirror, candles, painted eggs, a bowl of water, goldfish, coins, hyacinth, and traditional confectioneries. A «book of wisdom» such as the Quran, Bible, Avesta, the Šāhnāme of Ferdowsi, or the divān of Hafez may also be included.[71] Haft-sin’s origins are not clear. The practice is believed to have been popularized over the past 100 years.[73]
Haft-mewa[edit]
In Afghanistan, people prepare Haft Mēwa (Dari: هفت میوه, English: seven fruits) for Nauruz, a mixture of seven different dried fruits and nuts (such as raisins, silver berry, pistachios, hazelnuts, prunes, walnut, and almonds) served in syrup.
[74]
Khoncha[edit]
Khoncha (Azerbaijani: Xonça) is the traditional display of Novruz in the Republic of Azerbaijan. It consists of a big silver or copper tray, with a tray of green, sprouting wheat (samani) in the middle and a dyed egg for each member of the family arranged around it. The table should be with at least seven dishes.[45]
Amu Nowruz and Hajji Firuz[edit]
In Iran, the traditional heralds of the festival of Nowruz are Amu Nowruz and Haji Firuz, who appear in the streets to celebrate the New Year.
Amu Nowruz brings children gifts, much like his counterpart Santa Claus.[75] He is the husband of Nane Sarma, with whom he shares a traditional love story in which they can meet each other only once a year.[76][77] He is depicted as an elderly silver-haired man with a long beard carrying a walking stick, wearing a felt hat, a long cloak of blue canvas, a sash, giveh, and linen trousers.[78]
Haji Firuz, a character with his face and hands covered in soot, clad in bright red clothes and a felt hat, is the companion of Amu Nowruz. He dances through the streets while singing and playing the tambourine. In the traditional songs, he introduces himself as a serf trying to cheer people whom he refers to as his lords.[79]
Kampirak[edit]
In the folklore of Afghanistan, Kampirak and his retinue pass village by village distributing gathered charities among people. He is an old bearded man wearing colorful clothes with a long hat and rosary who symbolizes beneficence and the power of nature yielding the forces of winter. The tradition is observed in central provinces, specially Bamyan and Daykundi.[80]
Nauryz kozhe[edit]
In Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhs and Kyrgyzs start the new year by cooking nauryz kozhe or nooruz koze, a traditional drink.[81]
Locality[edit]
Traditional costume for Nawrız in Kazakhstan
The festival of Nowruz is celebrated by many groups of people in the Black Sea basin, the Balkans, the South Caucasus, Western Asia, central and southern Asia, and by Iranian peoples worldwide.[82]
Places where Nowruz is a public holiday include:
Traditional dancing during a Nowruz festival in Paris
- Afghanistan[83]
- Albania[1][2]
- Azerbaijan (five days)[84][85]
- Georgia[86]
- Iran (thirteen days)[87]
- Iraqi Kurdistan[88]
- Kazakhstan (four days)[13]
- Kosovo[citation needed]
- Kyrgyzstan[89][90]
- Bayan-Ölgii, Mongolia[14]
- Tajikistan (four days)[20][91]
- Turkmenistan (two days)[92]
- Uzbekistan[93]
Nowruz is celebrated by Kurds in Iraq[10][94] and Turkey,[95] as well as by the Iranis, Shias and Parsis in the Indian subcontinent and diaspora.
Nowruz is also celebrated by Iranian communities in the Americas and in Europe, including Los Angeles, Phoenix, Toronto, Cologne and London.[96] In Phoenix, Arizona, Nowruz is celebrated at the Persian New Year Festival.[97] But because Los Angeles is prone to devastating fires, there are very strict fire codes in the city. Usually, Iranians living in Southern California go to the beaches to celebrate the event where it is permissible to build fires.[98] On March 15, 2010, the United States House of Representatives passed the Nowruz Resolution (H.Res. 267), by a 384–2 vote,[99] «Recognizing the cultural and historical significance of Nowruz».[100]
Afghanistan[edit]
Nowruz marks Afghanistan’s New Year’s Day with the Solar Hijri Calendar as their official calendar.
In Afghanistan, the festival of Gul-i-Surkh (Dari: گل سرخ, English: red flower) is the principal festival for Nauruz. It is celebrated in Mazar-i-Sharif during the first 40 days of the year, when red tulips grow in the green plains and over the hills surrounding the city. People from all over the country travel to Mazar-i-Sharif to attend the Nauruz festivals. Buzkashi tournaments are held during the Gul-i-Surkh festival in Mazar-i-Sharif, Kabul and other northern Afghan cities.
Jahenda Bala (Dari: جهنده بالا English: raising) is celebrated on the first day of the New Year.[101] It is a religious ceremony performed at the Blue Mosque of Mazar-i-Sharif by raising a special banner resembling the Derafsh Kaviani royal standard. It is attended by high-ranking government officials such as the Vice-President, Ministers, and Provincial Governors and is the biggest recorded Nawroz gathering, with up to 200,000 people from all over Afghanistan attending.
In the festival of Dehqān (Dari: دهقان English: farmer), also celebrated on the first day of the New Year, farmers walk in the cities as a sign of encouragement for the agricultural production. In recent years, this activity only happens in Kabul and other major cities where the mayor and other government officials attend.
During the first two weeks of the New Year, the citizens of Kabul hold family picnics in Istalif, Charikar and other green places where redbuds grow.
During the Taliban regime of 1996–2001, Nauruz was banned as «an ancient pagan holiday centered on fire worship».[102]
Albania[edit]
Nevruz is celebrated annually in Albania on 22 March as Sultan Nevruz. In Albania, the festival commemorates the birthday of Ali ibn Abi Talib (died 661 CE) and simultaneously the advent of spring. It is prominent amongst the nations’ Bektashis, but adherents of Sunnism, Catholicism, and Orthodoxy also «share in the nevruz festival to respect the ecumenical spirit of Albania».
Armenia[edit]
Since the 19th century, Nowruz has not generally been celebrated by Armenians and is not a public holiday in Armenia. However, it is celebrated in Armenia by tens of thousands of Iranian tourists who visit Armenia with relative ease.[103] The influx of tourists from Iran accelerated since around 2010–11.[104][105] In 2010 alone, around 27,600 Iranians spent Nowruz in capital Yerevan.[106]
In 2015, President Serzh Sargsyan sent a letter of congratulations to Kurds living in Armenia and to the Iranian political leadership on the occasion of Nowruz.[107]
Azerbaijan[edit]
In Azerbaijan, Nowruz celebrations go on for several days and included festive public dancing and folk music, and sporting competitions. In rural areas, crop holidays are also marked.[108]
Communities of the Azeri diaspora also celebrate Nowruz in the US, Canada,[109] and Israel.[110]
Bangladesh[edit]
In Bangladesh, Shia Muslims in Dhaka, Chittagong, Rajshahi and Khulna continue to celebrate it regularly. However, tradition goes back to historical East Bengal’s link to the Mughal Empire; the empire celebrated the festival for 19 days with pomp and gaiety.[111][112] Shia Muslims in Bangladesh have been seen spraying water around their home and drinking that water to keep themselves protected from diseases. A congregation to seek divine blessing is also arranged. Members of the Nawab family of Dhaka used to celebrate it amid pomp and grandeur. In the evening, they used to float thousands of candle lights in nearby ponds and water bodies. The National poet Kazi Nazrul Islam portrayed a vivid sketch of the festival highlighting its various aspects. In his poem, he described it as a platform of exposing a youth’s physical and mental beauty to another opposite one for conquering his or her heart.[113]
Central Asia[edit]
Nowruz widely celebrated on a vast territory of Central Asia and ritual practice acquired its special features.[114] The festival was legitimized by prayers at mosques, and visits to the mazars of Muslim saints and to sacred streams. In the Emirate of Bukhara, a broad official celebration of Nowruz was started by Amir Muzaffar, who sought to strengthen the image of the Manghyt dynasty during the crisis of political legitimacy.[115] Currently, all five Central Asian countries (Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan) celebrate Nowruz as a public holiday.[116]
China[edit]
Traditionally, Nowruz is celebrated mainly in China’s Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region by the Uyghurs, Chinese Tajik, Salar, and Kazakh ethnicities.[5]
Georgia[edit]
Nowruz is not celebrated by Georgians, but it is widely celebrated by the country’s large Azerbaijani minority (~7% of the total population)[117] as well as by Iranians living in Georgia.[117][118] Every year, large festivities are held in the capital Tbilisi, as well as in areas with a significant number of Azerbaijanis, such as the Kvemo Kartli, Kakheti, Shida Kartli, and Mtskheta-Mtianeti regions.[117] Georgian politicians have attended the festivities in the capital over the years, and have congratulated the Nowruz-observing ethnic groups and nationals in Georgia on the day of Nowruz.[119][120]
India[edit]
Navrouz 2015 in New Delhi
The Parsi community of India observe the new year using the Shahenshahi calendar which does not account for leap years, meaning this holiday has now moved by 200 days from its original day of the vernal equinox. In India the Parsi New Year is celebrated around August 16–17.[121]
Tradition of Nowruz in Northern India dates back to the Mughal Empire; the festival was celebrated for 19 days with pomp and gaiety in the realm.[111][112] However, it further goes back to the Parsi Zoroastrian community in Western India, who migrated to the Indian subcontinent from Persia during the Muslim conquest of Persia of 636–651 CE. In the Princely State of Hyderabad, Nowruz (Nauroz) was one of the four holidays where the Nizam would hold a public Darbar, along with the two official Islamic holidays and the sovereign’s birthday.[122] Prior to Asaf Jahi rule in Hyderabad, the Qutb Shahi dynasty celebrated Nowruz with a ritual called Panjeri, and the festival was celebrated by all with great grandeur.[123] Kazi Nazrul Islam, during the Bengal renaissance, portrayed the festival with vivid sketch and poems, highlighting its various aspects.[113]
Iran[edit]
Painting huge eggs for Nowruz in Tehran.
Nowruz is two-week celebration that marks the beginning of the New Year in Iran’s official Solar Hijri calendar.[124][125] The celebration includes four public holidays from the first to the fourth day of Farvardin, the first month of the Iranian calendar, usually beginning on March 21.[126] On the Eve of Nowruz, the fire festival Chaharshanbe Suri is celebrated.[127] Following the 1979 Revolution, some radical elements from the Islamic government attempted to suppress Nowruz,[128] considering it a pagan holiday and a distraction from Islamic holidays. Nowruz has been politicized, with political leaders making annual Nowruz speeches.[129]
Kurdistan[edit]
Kurds celebrating Nowruz Celebration 2019 in Sanandaj, Iran
Newroz is largely considered as a potent symbol of Kurdish identity. The Kurds of Turkey celebrate this feast between March 18 and 21. Kurds gather into fairgrounds mostly outside the cities to welcome spring. Women wear colored dresses and spangled head scarves and young men wave flags of green, yellow and red, the historic colors of Kurdish people. They hold this festival by lighting fire and dancing around it.[130] Newroz has seen many bans in Turkey, as Turkey has a strong and long history of trying to suppress Kurdish history and culture. It has only been celebrated legally since 1992 after the ban on the Kurdish language was lifted. The holiday is now officially allowed in Turkey after international pressure on the Turkish government to lift culture bans. The Turkish government renamed the holiday Nevroz in 1995. However, Newroz celebrations are still suppressed and lead to continual confrontations with the Turkish authority. In Cizre, Nusyabin and Şırnak celebrations turned violent as Turkish police forces fired in the celebrating crowds.[131] In recent years, the Newroz celebration summons around 1 million participants in Diyarbakır, the biggest city of the Kurdish dominated Southeastern Turkey.
In Syria, the Kurds dress up in their national dress and celebrate the New Year.[132] According to Human Rights Watch, the Kurds have had to struggle to celebrate Newroz, and in the past and the celebration has led to violent oppression, leading to several deaths and mass arrests.[133] The Syrian Arab Ba’athist government stated in 2004 that the Newroz celebrations will be tolerated as long as they do not become political demonstrations.[134] During the Newroz celebrations in 2008, three Kurds were shot dead by Syrian security forces.[135][136] In March 2010, an attack by Syrian police killed two or three people, one of them a 15-year-old girl, and more than 50 people were wounded.[137] The Rojava revolution of 2012 and the subsequent establishment of the de facto Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria saw Kurdish civil rights greatly expand, and Newroz is now celebrated freely in most Kurdish areas of Syria except for Efrin, where the ritual is no longer allowed since the 2018 occupation by Turkish-backed rebel groups.[138]
Kurds in Iraq and Iran have had more freedom to celebrate Newroz than their countrymen of Syria and Turkey.
Kurds in the diaspora also celebrate the New Year; for example, Kurds in Australia celebrate Newroz not only as the beginning of the new year, but also as the Kurdish National Day. Similarly, the Kurds in Finland celebrate the new year as a way of demonstrating their support for the Kurdish cause.[139] Also in London, organizers estimated that 25,000 people celebrated Newroz during March 2006.[140] In Canada, the largest Kurdish Newroz festival is held in Ontario. In the States, the city of Nashville, Tennessee includes the largest Kurdish population in the United States. The Kurds celebrate Newroz by holding a Nashville festival; dressed in their traditional clothing, they sing and dance around a fire with their family and friends.[141]
Pakistan[edit]
In Pakistan, Nowruz is typically celebrated in parts of Gilgit-Baltistan,[142] Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, especially near the border with Afghanistan, and across Balochistan, with a large celebration held in the capital of Quetta.[143] Recently, the government of Iran has become involved in hosting celebrations in Islamabad to commemorate the holiday.[143] Like in India, the Parsi and Ismaili communities have historically celebrated the holiday,[144] as have some Shi’a Muslims.[16]
Theology[edit]
Followers of the Zoroastrian faith include Nowruz in their religious calendar, as do followers of other faiths.[145] Shia literature refers to the merits of the day of Nowruz; the Day of Ghadir took place on Nowruz; and the fatwas of major Shia scholars[146] recommend fasting. Nowruz is also a holy day for Sufis, Bektashis, Ismailis, Alawites,[147] Alevis, Babis and adherents of the Baháʼí Faith.[148]
Baháʼí Faith[edit]
Naw-Rúz is one of nine holy days for adherents of the Baháʼí Faith worldwide. It is the first day of the Baháʼí calendar, occurring on the vernal equinox around March 21.[149] The Baháʼí calendar is composed of 19 months, each of 19 days,[150] and each of the months is named after an attribute of God; similarly each of the nineteen days in the month also are named after an attribute of God.[150] The first day and the first month were given the attribute of Bahá, an Arabic word meaning splendour or glory, and thus the first day of the year was the day of Bahá in the month of Bahá.[149][151] Baháʼu’lláh, the founder of the Baháʼí Faith, explained that Naw-Rúz was associated with the Most Great Name of God,[149][151] and was instituted as a festival for those who observed the Nineteen-Day Fast.[152][153]
The day is also used to symbolize the renewal of time in each religious dispensation.[154] ʻAbdu’l-Bahá, Bahá’u’lláh’s son and successor, explained that significance of Naw-Rúz in terms of spring and the new life it brings.[149] He explained that the equinox is a symbol of the messengers of God and the message that they proclaim is like a spiritual springtime, and that Naw-Rúz is used to commemorate it.[155]
As with all Baháʼí holy days, there are few fixed rules for observing Naw-Rúz, and Baháʼís all over the world celebrate it as a festive day, according to local custom.[149] Persian Baháʼís still observe many of the Iranian customs associated with Nowruz such as the Haft-sin, but American Baháʼí communities, for example, may have a potluck dinner, along with prayers and readings from Baháʼí scripture.
Twelver and Ismaʿili Shias[edit]
Along with Ismailis,[156][157] Alawites[citation needed] and Alevis[citation needed], the Twelver Shia also hold the day of Nowruz in high regard.[citation needed]
It has been said that Musa al-Kadhim, the seventh Twelver Shia imam, has explained Nowruz and said: «In Nowruz God made a covenant with His servants to worship Him and not to allow any partner for Him. To welcome His messengers and obey their rulings. This day is the first day that the fertile wind blew and the flowers on the earth appeared. The archangel Gabriel appeared to the Prophet, and it is the day that Abraham broke the idols. The day Prophet Muhammad held Ali on his shoulders to destroy the Quraishie’s idols in the house of God, the Kaaba.»[158][better source needed]
The day upon which Nowruz falls has been recommended as a day of fasting for Twelver Shia Muslims by Shia scholars, including Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei[citation needed], Ruhollah Khomeini[159] and Ali al-Sistani.[160] The day also assumes special significance for Shias as it has been said that it was on March 16, 632 AD, that the first Shia Imam, Ali, assumed the office of caliphate. Shia Imami Ismaili Muslims around the globe celebrate Nowruz as a religious festival. Special prayers and Majalis are arranged in Jamatkhanas. Special foods are cooked and people share best wishes and prayers with each other.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
- Akitu
- Aroos-Gooleh
- Dehwa Rabba, the Mandaean New Year
- Dehwa d-Shishlam Rabba, the Mandaean «Little Nowruz»
- Ēostre
- Holi
- Kha b-Nisan
- New Year’s Day
- Pahela Baishakh
- Seharane
- Sham Ennessim
- Vernal Equinox Day, one of the two Kōreisai Japanese holidays
Notes[edit]
- ^ Eternal combat between the bull representing the Moon, and the lion representing the Sun and spring.
- ^
- Dari, Pashto, Arabic: نوروز
- Armenian: Նովրուզ
- Azerbaijani: Novruz
- Chinese: 诺鲁孜节
- Uighur: نەۋروز
- Georgian: ნოვრუზ
- Kurdish: Newroz
- Hebrew: נורוז
- Kazakh: Наурыз
- Kyrgyz: Нооруз
- Mongolian: Наурыз
- Urdu: نوروز
- Tajik: Наврӯз
- Turkish: Nevruz
- Turkmen: Nowruz
- Uzbek: Navro’z
References[edit]
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- ^ a b Esslemont, J.E. (1980). Bahá’u’lláh and the New Era (5th ed.). Wilmette, Illinois, US: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. pp. 178–179. ISBN 978-0-87743-160-2.
- ^ a b Lehman, Dale E. (18 March 2000). «A New Year Begins». Planet Baháʼí. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 14 March 2007.
- ^ Bahá’u’lláh (1991). Baháʼí Prayers. Wilmitte, IL: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. p. 261.
- ^ Bahá’u’lláh (1992) [1873]. The Kitáb-i-Aqdas: The Most Holy Book. Wilmette, Illinois, US: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-85398-999-8.
- ^ MacEoin, Dennis (1989). «Bahai Calendar and Festivals». Encyclopædia Iranica.
- ^ `Abdu’l-Bahá (21 March 1913). «Star of the West». 4 (1): 4. republished in Effendi, Shoghi; The Universal House of Justice (1983). Hornby, Helen (ed.). Lights of Guidance: A Baháʼí Reference File. Baháʼí Publishing Trust, New Delhi, India. ISBN 978-81-85091-46-4.
- ^ «Nowruz Persian New Year – Eid Mubarak! | Ismaili Web Amaana». Ismaili Web Amaana. 15 March 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2017.
- ^ «Navroz». The Ismaili. 18 March 2010. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
- ^ Mireskandari, Anousheh (March 2012). «Nowruz in Islam». Islamic Centre of England. Archived from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2017.
- ^ Tahrir al-Wasilah, by Ayatollah Khomeini, Vol. 1, pp. 302–303
- ^ Islamic Laws, by Ali al-Sistani, under the section; «Mustahab Fasts»
External links[edit]
Media related to Nowruz at Wikimedia Commons
- Nowruz at Encyclopædia Iranica
Nowruz | |
---|---|
Left-to-right from top:
|
|
Observed by | Iranian peoples (originally and currently)
Various (currently):
|
Type | Cultural |
Significance | Day of new year on the Solar Hijri calendar |
Date | 20 March;[24] can vary between 19 and 22 March |
Frequency | Annual |
Norooz, Nawrouz, Newroz, Novruz, Nowrouz, Nawrouz, Nauryz, Nooruz, Nowruz, Navruz, Nevruz, Nowruz, Navruz, Navroz | |
---|---|
UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage |
|
Country | Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, India, Iran, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan |
Reference | 1161 |
Region | Asia and the Pacific |
Inscription history | |
Inscription | 2016 (4th session) |
Nowruz (Persian: نوروز, [noːˈɾuːz]; lit. ‘new day’)[note 2] is the Persian-language term for the day of the Iranian New Year,[25] also known as the Persian New Year.[26] It begins on the spring equinox[27] and marks the beginning of Farvardin, the first month of the Solar Hijri calendar (an Iranian calendar used officially in Iran and Afghanistan). The day is celebrated worldwide by various ethnolinguistic groups and falls on or around the date of 21 March on the Gregorian calendar.
The day of Nowruz has its origins in the Iranian religion of Zoroastrianism and is thus rooted in the traditions of the Iranian peoples; however, it has been celebrated by diverse communities for over 3,000 years in Western Asia, Central Asia, the Caucasus, the Black Sea Basin, the Balkans, and South Asia.[28][29][30][31] Presently, while it is largely a secular holiday for most celebrants and enjoyed by people of several different faiths and backgrounds, Nowruz remains a holy day for Zoroastrians,[32] Baháʼís,[33] and some Muslim communities.[34][35]
As the spring equinox, Nowruz marks the beginning of spring in the Northern Hemisphere.[36] The moment at which the Sun crosses the celestial equator and equalizes night and day is calculated exactly every year, and families traditionally gather together to observe the rituals.
While Nowruz has been celebrated since the reform of the Iranian calendar in the 11th century CE to mark the new year, the United Nations officially recognized the «International Day of Nowruz» with the adoption of Resolution 64/253 by the United Nations General Assembly in February 2010.[37][38]
Nowruz[edit]
The first day of the Iranian calendar falls on the March equinox, the first day of spring, around 21 March. In the 11th century CE the Iranian calendar was reformed in order to fix the beginning of the calendar year, i.e. Nowruz, at the vernal equinox. Accordingly, the definition of Nowruz given by the Iranian scientist Tusi was the following: «the first day of the official New Year [Nowruz] was always the day on which the sun entered Aries before noon.»[39] Nowruz is the first day of Farvardin, the first month of the Iranian solar calendar.
Etymology[edit]
The word Nowruz is a combination of Persian words نو now – meaning «new» – and روز ruz – meaning «day«. Pronunciation varies among Persian dialects, with Eastern dialects using the pronunciation [noːˈɾuːz] (as in Dari and Classical Persian, whereas in Tajik, it is written as «Наврӯз» Navröz), western dialects and Tehranis [noːˈɾuːz]. A variety of spelling variations for the word nowruz exist in English-language usage, including norooz, novruz, nowruz, navruz, nauruz and newroz.[40][41]
Timing accuracy[edit]
Illumination of the Earth by the Sun on the day of equinox
Nowruz’s timing in Iran is based on Solar Hijri algorithmic calendar, which is based on precise astronomical observations, and moreover use of sophisticated intercalation system, which makes it more accurate than its European counterpart, the Gregorian calendar.[42]
Each 2820 year great grand cycle contains 2137 normal years of 365 days and 683 leap years of 366 days, with the average year length over the great grand cycle of 365.24219852. This average is just 0.00000026 (2.6×10−7) of a day – slightly more than 1/50 of a second – shorter than Newcomb’s value for the mean tropical year of 365.24219878 days, but differs considerably more from the current average vernal equinox year of 365.242362 days, which means that the new year, intended to fall on the vernal equinox, would drift by half a day over the course of a cycle.[42] As the source explains, the 2820-year cycle is erroneous and has never been used in practice.
Charshanbe Suri[edit]
Tehran, National Garden (Bāq-e Melli)
Chaharshanbe Suri (Persian: چهارشنبهسوری, romanized: čahâr-šanbeh suri (lit. «Festive Wednesday») is a prelude to the New Year.[citation needed] In Iran, it is celebrated on the eve of the last Wednesday before Nowruz. It is usually celebrated in the evening by performing rituals such as jumping over bonfires and lighting off firecrackers and fireworks.[43][44]
In Azerbaijan, where the preparation for Novruz usually begins a month earlier, the festival is held every Tuesday during four weeks before the holiday of Novruz. Each Tuesday, people celebrate the day of one of the four elements – water, fire, earth and wind.[45] On the holiday eve, the graves of relatives are visited and tended.[46]
Iranians sing the poetic line «my yellow is yours, your red is mine», which means my weakness to you and your strength to me (Persian: سرخی تو از من، زردی من از تو, romanized: sorkhi to az man, zardi man az to) to the fire during the festival, asking the fire to take away ill-health and problems and replace them with warmth, health, and energy. Trail mix and berries are also served during the celebration.
Spoon banging (قاشق زنی) is a tradition observed on the eve of Charshanbe Suri, similar to the Halloween custom of trick-or-treating. In Iran, people wear disguises and go door-to-door banging spoons against plates or bowls and receive packaged snacks. In Azerbaijan, children slip around to their neighbors’ homes and apartments on the last Tuesday prior to Novruz, knock at the doors, and leave their caps or little basket on the thresholds, hiding nearby to wait for candies, pastries and nuts.[45]
The ritual of jumping over fire has continued in Armenia in the feast of Trndez, which is a feast of purification in the Armenian Apostolic Church and the Armenian Catholic Church, celebrated forty days after Jesus’s birth.[47]
Sizdebedar[edit]
In Iran, the Nowruz holidays last thirteen days. On the thirteenth day of the New Year, Iranians leave their houses to enjoy nature and picnic outdoors, as part of the Sizdebedar ceremony. The greenery grown for the Haft-sin setting is thrown away, particularly into a running water. It is also customary for young single people, especially young girls, to tie the leaves of the greenery before discarding it, expressing a wish to find a partner. Another custom associated with Sizdah Bedar is the playing of jokes and pranks, similar to April Fools’ Day[48]
History and origin[edit]
Ancient roots[edit]
There exist various foundation myths for Nowruz in Iranian mythology.
The Shahnameh credits the foundation of Nowruz to the mythical Iranian King Jamshid, who saves mankind from a winter destined to kill every living creature.[49] To defeat the killer winter, Jamshid constructed a throne studded with gems. He had demons raise him above the earth into the heavens; there he sat, shining like the Sun. The world’s creatures gathered and scattered jewels around him and proclaimed that this was the New Day (Now Ruz). This was the first day of Farvardin, which is the first month of the Iranian calendar.[50]
Although it is not clear whether Proto-Indo-Iranians celebrated a feast as the first day of the calendar, there are indications that Iranians may have observed the beginning of both autumn and spring, respectively related to the harvest and the sowing of seeds, for the celebration of the New Year.[51] Mary Boyce and Frantz Grenet explain the traditions for seasonal festivals and comment: «It is possible that the splendor of the Babylonian festivities at this season, led the Iranians to develop their own spring festival into an established New Year feast, with the name Navasarda «New Year» (a name which, though first attested through Middle Persian derivatives, is attributed to the Achaemenian period).» Akitu was the Babylonian festivity held during the spring month of Nisan in which Nowruz falls. Since the communal observations of the ancient Iranians appear in general to have been seasonal ones and related to agriculture, «it is probable that they traditionally held festivals in both autumn and spring, to mark the major turning points of the natural year.»[51]
Nowruz is partly rooted in the tradition of Iranian religions, such as Mithraism and Zoroastrianism. In Mithraism, festivals had a deep linkage with the Sun’s light. The Iranian festivals such as Mehregan (autumnal equinox), Tirgan, and the eve of Chelle ye Zemestan (winter solstice) also had an origin in the Sun god (Mithra). Among other ideas, Zoroastrianism is the first monotheistic religion that emphasizes broad concepts such as the corresponding work of good and evil in the world, and the connection of humans to nature. Zoroastrian practices were dominant for much of the history of ancient Iran. In Zoroastrianism, the seven most important Zoroastrian festivals are the six Gahambar festivals and Nowruz, which occurs at the spring equinox. According to Mary Boyce,[52] «It seems a reasonable surmise that Nowruz, the holiest of them all, with deep doctrinal significance, was founded by Zoroaster himself»; although there is no clear date of origin.[53] Between sunset on the day of the sixth Gahambar and sunrise of Nowruz, Hamaspathmaedaya (later known, in its extended form, as Frawardinegan; and today is known as Farvardigan) was celebrated. This and the Gahambars are the only festivals named in the surviving text of the Avesta.
The 10th-century scholar Biruni, in his work Kitab al-Tafhim li Awa’il Sina’at al-Tanjim, provides a description of the calendars of various nations. Besides the Iranian calendar, various festivals of Greeks, Jews, Arabs, Sabians, and other nations are mentioned in the book. In the section on the Iranian calendar, he mentions Nowruz, Sadeh, Tirgan, Mehrgan, the six Gahambars, Farvardigan, Bahmanja, Esfand Armaz and several other festivals. According to him, «It is the belief of the Iranians that Nowruz marks the first day when the universe started its motion.»[54] The Persian historian Gardizi, in his work titled Zayn al-Akhbār, under the section of the Zoroastrians festivals, mentions Nowruz (among other festivals) and specifically points out that Zoroaster highly emphasized the celebration of Nowruz and Mehrgan.[55][56]
Achaemenid period[edit]
Although the word Nowruz is not recorded in Achaemenid inscriptions,[57] there is a detailed account by Xenophon of a Nowruz celebration taking place in Persepolis and the continuity of this festival in the Achaemenid tradition.[58] Nowruz was an important day during the Achaemenid Empire (c. 550–330 BCE). Kings of the different Achaemenid nations would bring gifts to the King of Kings. The significance of the ceremony was such that King Cambyses II’s appointment as the king of Babylon was legitimized only after his participation in the referred annual Achaemenid festival.[59]
It has been suggested that the famous Persepolis complex, or at least the palace of Apadana and the Hundred Columns Hall, were built for the specific purpose of celebrating a feast related to Nowruz.
In 539 BCE, the Jews came under Iranian rule, thus exposing both groups to each other’s customs. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, the story of Purim as told in the Book of Esther is adapted from an Iranian novella about the shrewdness of harem queens, suggesting that Purim may be an adoption of Iranian New Year.[60] A specific novella is not identified and Encyclopedia Britannica itself notes that «no Jewish texts of this genre from the Persian period are extant, so these new elements can be recognized only inferentially.» Purim is celebrated the 14 of Adar, usually within a month before Nowruz (as the date of Purim is set according to the Jewish calendar, which is lunisolar), while Nowruz occurs at the spring equinox. It is possible that the Jews and Iranians of the time may have shared or adopted similar customs for these holidays.[61] The Lunar new year of the Middle East occurs on 1 Nisan, the new moon of the first month of spring, which usually falls within a few weeks of Nowruz.
Parthian and Sassanid periods[edit]
Nowruz was the holiday of Parthian dynastic empires who ruled Iran (248 BCE–224 CE) and the other areas ruled by the Arsacid dynasties outside of Parthia (such as the Arsacid dynasties of Armenia and Iberia). There are specific references to the celebration of Nowruz during the reign of Vologases I (51–78 CE), but these include no details.[57] Before Sassanids established their power in Western Asia around 300 CE, Parthians celebrated Nowruz in autumn, and the first of Farvardin began at the autumn equinox. During the reign of the Parthian dynasty, the spring festival was Mehregan, a Zoroastrian and Iranian festival celebrated in honor of Mithra.[62]
Extensive records on the celebration of Nowruz appear following the accession of Ardashir I, the founder of the Sasanian Empire (224–651 CE). Under the Sassanid emperors, Nowruz was celebrated as the most important day of the year. Most royal traditions of Nowruz, such as royal audiences with the public, cash gifts, and the pardoning of prisoners, were established during the Sassanid era and persisted unchanged until modern times.
After the Arab-Muslim conquest[edit]
Nowruz, along with the mid-winter celebration Sadeh, survived the Muslim conquest of Persia of 650 CE. Other celebrations such as the Gahambars and Mehrgan were eventually side-lined or only observed by Zoroastrians. Nowruz became the main royal holiday during the Abbasid period. Much like their predecessors in the Sasanian period, Dehqans would offer gifts to the caliphs and local rulers at the Nowruz and Mehragan festivals.[63]
Following the demise of the caliphate and the subsequent re-emergence of Iranian dynasties such as the Samanids and Buyids, Nowruz became an even more important event. The Buyids revived the ancient traditions of Sassanian times and restored many smaller celebrations that had been eliminated by the caliphate. The Iranian Buyid ruler ‘Adud al-Dawla (r. 949–983) customarily welcomed Nowruz in a majestic hall, decked with gold and silver plates and vases full of fruit and colorful flowers.[64] The King would sit on the royal throne, and the court astronomer would come forward, kiss the ground, and congratulate him on the arrival of the New Year.[64] The king would then summon musicians and singers, and invited his friends to gather and enjoy a great festive occasion.[64]
Later Turkic and Mongol invaders did not attempt to abolish Nowruz.
In 1079 CE during the Seljuq dynasty era, a group of eight scholars led by astronomer and polymath Omar Khayyam calculated and established the Jalali calendar, computing the year starting from Nowruz.
Contemporary Era[edit]
Before the collapse of the Soviet Union, Iran and Afghanistan were the only countries that officially observed the ceremonies of Nowruz. When the Caucasian and Central Asian countries gained independence from the Soviets, they also declared Nowruz as a national holiday.
Nowruz was added to the UNESCO List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2010.[65][66][67][68]
Holiday customs[edit]
March 21 Dushanbe, Tajikistan
House cleaning and shopping[edit]
House cleaning, or shaking the house (Persian: خانه تکانی, romanized: xāne tekāni) is commonly done before the arrival of Nowruz. People start preparing for Nowruz with a major spring cleaning of their homes and by buying new clothes to wear for the New Year, as well as the purchase of flowers. The hyacinth and the tulip are popular and conspicuous.[69]
Visiting family and friends[edit]
During the Nowruz holidays, people are expected to make short visits to the homes of family, friends and neighbors. Typically, young people will visit their elders first, and the elders return their visit later. Visitors are offered tea and pastries, cookies, fresh and dried fruits and mixed nuts or other snacks. Many Iranians throw large Nowruz parties in as a way of dealing with the long distances between groups of friends and family.[70]
Food preparation[edit]
One of the most common foods cooked on the occasion of Nowruz is Samanu (Samanak, Somank, Somalek). This food is prepared using wheat germ. In most countries that celebrate Nowruz, this food is cooked. In some countries, cooking this food is associated with certain rituals. Women and girls in different parts of Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan cook Samanu in groups and sometimes during the night, and when cooking it, they sing memorable songs.
Cooking other foods is also common on Nowruz. For example, Sabzi polo with fish is eaten on Eid night and sweets such as Nan-e Nokhodchi. In general, cooking Nowruz food is common in every region where Nowruz is celebrated, and each area has its food and sweets.
Haft-sin[edit]
The painting depicts Haft-sin symbols of Nowruz being related to elements of Fire, Earth, Air, Water, and the three life forms of Humans, Animals and Plants.
Typically, before the arrival of Nowruz, family members gather around the Haft-sin table and await the exact moment of the March equinox to celebrate the New Year.[71][72] The number 7 and the letter S are related to the seven Ameshasepantas as mentioned in the Zend-Avesta. They relate to the four elements of Fire, Earth, Air, Water, and the three life forms of Humans, Animals and Plants. In modern times the explanation was simplified to mean that the Haft-sin (Persian: هفتسین, seven things beginning with the letter sin (س)) are:
- Sabze (Persian: سبزه) – wheat, barley, mung bean, or lentil sprouts grown in a dish.
- Samanu (Persian: سمنو) – sweet pudding made from wheat germ
- Persian olive (Persian: سنجد, romanized: senjed)
- Vinegar (Persian: سرکه, romanized: serke)
- Apple (Persian: سیب, romanized: sib)
- Garlic (Persian: سیر, romanized: sir)
- Sumac (Persian: سماق, romanized: somāq)
The Haft-sin table may also include a mirror, candles, painted eggs, a bowl of water, goldfish, coins, hyacinth, and traditional confectioneries. A «book of wisdom» such as the Quran, Bible, Avesta, the Šāhnāme of Ferdowsi, or the divān of Hafez may also be included.[71] Haft-sin’s origins are not clear. The practice is believed to have been popularized over the past 100 years.[73]
Haft-mewa[edit]
In Afghanistan, people prepare Haft Mēwa (Dari: هفت میوه, English: seven fruits) for Nauruz, a mixture of seven different dried fruits and nuts (such as raisins, silver berry, pistachios, hazelnuts, prunes, walnut, and almonds) served in syrup.
[74]
Khoncha[edit]
Khoncha (Azerbaijani: Xonça) is the traditional display of Novruz in the Republic of Azerbaijan. It consists of a big silver or copper tray, with a tray of green, sprouting wheat (samani) in the middle and a dyed egg for each member of the family arranged around it. The table should be with at least seven dishes.[45]
Amu Nowruz and Hajji Firuz[edit]
In Iran, the traditional heralds of the festival of Nowruz are Amu Nowruz and Haji Firuz, who appear in the streets to celebrate the New Year.
Amu Nowruz brings children gifts, much like his counterpart Santa Claus.[75] He is the husband of Nane Sarma, with whom he shares a traditional love story in which they can meet each other only once a year.[76][77] He is depicted as an elderly silver-haired man with a long beard carrying a walking stick, wearing a felt hat, a long cloak of blue canvas, a sash, giveh, and linen trousers.[78]
Haji Firuz, a character with his face and hands covered in soot, clad in bright red clothes and a felt hat, is the companion of Amu Nowruz. He dances through the streets while singing and playing the tambourine. In the traditional songs, he introduces himself as a serf trying to cheer people whom he refers to as his lords.[79]
Kampirak[edit]
In the folklore of Afghanistan, Kampirak and his retinue pass village by village distributing gathered charities among people. He is an old bearded man wearing colorful clothes with a long hat and rosary who symbolizes beneficence and the power of nature yielding the forces of winter. The tradition is observed in central provinces, specially Bamyan and Daykundi.[80]
Nauryz kozhe[edit]
In Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhs and Kyrgyzs start the new year by cooking nauryz kozhe or nooruz koze, a traditional drink.[81]
Locality[edit]
Traditional costume for Nawrız in Kazakhstan
The festival of Nowruz is celebrated by many groups of people in the Black Sea basin, the Balkans, the South Caucasus, Western Asia, central and southern Asia, and by Iranian peoples worldwide.[82]
Places where Nowruz is a public holiday include:
Traditional dancing during a Nowruz festival in Paris
- Afghanistan[83]
- Albania[1][2]
- Azerbaijan (five days)[84][85]
- Georgia[86]
- Iran (thirteen days)[87]
- Iraqi Kurdistan[88]
- Kazakhstan (four days)[13]
- Kosovo[citation needed]
- Kyrgyzstan[89][90]
- Bayan-Ölgii, Mongolia[14]
- Tajikistan (four days)[20][91]
- Turkmenistan (two days)[92]
- Uzbekistan[93]
Nowruz is celebrated by Kurds in Iraq[10][94] and Turkey,[95] as well as by the Iranis, Shias and Parsis in the Indian subcontinent and diaspora.
Nowruz is also celebrated by Iranian communities in the Americas and in Europe, including Los Angeles, Phoenix, Toronto, Cologne and London.[96] In Phoenix, Arizona, Nowruz is celebrated at the Persian New Year Festival.[97] But because Los Angeles is prone to devastating fires, there are very strict fire codes in the city. Usually, Iranians living in Southern California go to the beaches to celebrate the event where it is permissible to build fires.[98] On March 15, 2010, the United States House of Representatives passed the Nowruz Resolution (H.Res. 267), by a 384–2 vote,[99] «Recognizing the cultural and historical significance of Nowruz».[100]
Afghanistan[edit]
Nowruz marks Afghanistan’s New Year’s Day with the Solar Hijri Calendar as their official calendar.
In Afghanistan, the festival of Gul-i-Surkh (Dari: گل سرخ, English: red flower) is the principal festival for Nauruz. It is celebrated in Mazar-i-Sharif during the first 40 days of the year, when red tulips grow in the green plains and over the hills surrounding the city. People from all over the country travel to Mazar-i-Sharif to attend the Nauruz festivals. Buzkashi tournaments are held during the Gul-i-Surkh festival in Mazar-i-Sharif, Kabul and other northern Afghan cities.
Jahenda Bala (Dari: جهنده بالا English: raising) is celebrated on the first day of the New Year.[101] It is a religious ceremony performed at the Blue Mosque of Mazar-i-Sharif by raising a special banner resembling the Derafsh Kaviani royal standard. It is attended by high-ranking government officials such as the Vice-President, Ministers, and Provincial Governors and is the biggest recorded Nawroz gathering, with up to 200,000 people from all over Afghanistan attending.
In the festival of Dehqān (Dari: دهقان English: farmer), also celebrated on the first day of the New Year, farmers walk in the cities as a sign of encouragement for the agricultural production. In recent years, this activity only happens in Kabul and other major cities where the mayor and other government officials attend.
During the first two weeks of the New Year, the citizens of Kabul hold family picnics in Istalif, Charikar and other green places where redbuds grow.
During the Taliban regime of 1996–2001, Nauruz was banned as «an ancient pagan holiday centered on fire worship».[102]
Albania[edit]
Nevruz is celebrated annually in Albania on 22 March as Sultan Nevruz. In Albania, the festival commemorates the birthday of Ali ibn Abi Talib (died 661 CE) and simultaneously the advent of spring. It is prominent amongst the nations’ Bektashis, but adherents of Sunnism, Catholicism, and Orthodoxy also «share in the nevruz festival to respect the ecumenical spirit of Albania».
Armenia[edit]
Since the 19th century, Nowruz has not generally been celebrated by Armenians and is not a public holiday in Armenia. However, it is celebrated in Armenia by tens of thousands of Iranian tourists who visit Armenia with relative ease.[103] The influx of tourists from Iran accelerated since around 2010–11.[104][105] In 2010 alone, around 27,600 Iranians spent Nowruz in capital Yerevan.[106]
In 2015, President Serzh Sargsyan sent a letter of congratulations to Kurds living in Armenia and to the Iranian political leadership on the occasion of Nowruz.[107]
Azerbaijan[edit]
In Azerbaijan, Nowruz celebrations go on for several days and included festive public dancing and folk music, and sporting competitions. In rural areas, crop holidays are also marked.[108]
Communities of the Azeri diaspora also celebrate Nowruz in the US, Canada,[109] and Israel.[110]
Bangladesh[edit]
In Bangladesh, Shia Muslims in Dhaka, Chittagong, Rajshahi and Khulna continue to celebrate it regularly. However, tradition goes back to historical East Bengal’s link to the Mughal Empire; the empire celebrated the festival for 19 days with pomp and gaiety.[111][112] Shia Muslims in Bangladesh have been seen spraying water around their home and drinking that water to keep themselves protected from diseases. A congregation to seek divine blessing is also arranged. Members of the Nawab family of Dhaka used to celebrate it amid pomp and grandeur. In the evening, they used to float thousands of candle lights in nearby ponds and water bodies. The National poet Kazi Nazrul Islam portrayed a vivid sketch of the festival highlighting its various aspects. In his poem, he described it as a platform of exposing a youth’s physical and mental beauty to another opposite one for conquering his or her heart.[113]
Central Asia[edit]
Nowruz widely celebrated on a vast territory of Central Asia and ritual practice acquired its special features.[114] The festival was legitimized by prayers at mosques, and visits to the mazars of Muslim saints and to sacred streams. In the Emirate of Bukhara, a broad official celebration of Nowruz was started by Amir Muzaffar, who sought to strengthen the image of the Manghyt dynasty during the crisis of political legitimacy.[115] Currently, all five Central Asian countries (Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan) celebrate Nowruz as a public holiday.[116]
China[edit]
Traditionally, Nowruz is celebrated mainly in China’s Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region by the Uyghurs, Chinese Tajik, Salar, and Kazakh ethnicities.[5]
Georgia[edit]
Nowruz is not celebrated by Georgians, but it is widely celebrated by the country’s large Azerbaijani minority (~7% of the total population)[117] as well as by Iranians living in Georgia.[117][118] Every year, large festivities are held in the capital Tbilisi, as well as in areas with a significant number of Azerbaijanis, such as the Kvemo Kartli, Kakheti, Shida Kartli, and Mtskheta-Mtianeti regions.[117] Georgian politicians have attended the festivities in the capital over the years, and have congratulated the Nowruz-observing ethnic groups and nationals in Georgia on the day of Nowruz.[119][120]
India[edit]
Navrouz 2015 in New Delhi
The Parsi community of India observe the new year using the Shahenshahi calendar which does not account for leap years, meaning this holiday has now moved by 200 days from its original day of the vernal equinox. In India the Parsi New Year is celebrated around August 16–17.[121]
Tradition of Nowruz in Northern India dates back to the Mughal Empire; the festival was celebrated for 19 days with pomp and gaiety in the realm.[111][112] However, it further goes back to the Parsi Zoroastrian community in Western India, who migrated to the Indian subcontinent from Persia during the Muslim conquest of Persia of 636–651 CE. In the Princely State of Hyderabad, Nowruz (Nauroz) was one of the four holidays where the Nizam would hold a public Darbar, along with the two official Islamic holidays and the sovereign’s birthday.[122] Prior to Asaf Jahi rule in Hyderabad, the Qutb Shahi dynasty celebrated Nowruz with a ritual called Panjeri, and the festival was celebrated by all with great grandeur.[123] Kazi Nazrul Islam, during the Bengal renaissance, portrayed the festival with vivid sketch and poems, highlighting its various aspects.[113]
Iran[edit]
Painting huge eggs for Nowruz in Tehran.
Nowruz is two-week celebration that marks the beginning of the New Year in Iran’s official Solar Hijri calendar.[124][125] The celebration includes four public holidays from the first to the fourth day of Farvardin, the first month of the Iranian calendar, usually beginning on March 21.[126] On the Eve of Nowruz, the fire festival Chaharshanbe Suri is celebrated.[127] Following the 1979 Revolution, some radical elements from the Islamic government attempted to suppress Nowruz,[128] considering it a pagan holiday and a distraction from Islamic holidays. Nowruz has been politicized, with political leaders making annual Nowruz speeches.[129]
Kurdistan[edit]
Kurds celebrating Nowruz Celebration 2019 in Sanandaj, Iran
Newroz is largely considered as a potent symbol of Kurdish identity. The Kurds of Turkey celebrate this feast between March 18 and 21. Kurds gather into fairgrounds mostly outside the cities to welcome spring. Women wear colored dresses and spangled head scarves and young men wave flags of green, yellow and red, the historic colors of Kurdish people. They hold this festival by lighting fire and dancing around it.[130] Newroz has seen many bans in Turkey, as Turkey has a strong and long history of trying to suppress Kurdish history and culture. It has only been celebrated legally since 1992 after the ban on the Kurdish language was lifted. The holiday is now officially allowed in Turkey after international pressure on the Turkish government to lift culture bans. The Turkish government renamed the holiday Nevroz in 1995. However, Newroz celebrations are still suppressed and lead to continual confrontations with the Turkish authority. In Cizre, Nusyabin and Şırnak celebrations turned violent as Turkish police forces fired in the celebrating crowds.[131] In recent years, the Newroz celebration summons around 1 million participants in Diyarbakır, the biggest city of the Kurdish dominated Southeastern Turkey.
In Syria, the Kurds dress up in their national dress and celebrate the New Year.[132] According to Human Rights Watch, the Kurds have had to struggle to celebrate Newroz, and in the past and the celebration has led to violent oppression, leading to several deaths and mass arrests.[133] The Syrian Arab Ba’athist government stated in 2004 that the Newroz celebrations will be tolerated as long as they do not become political demonstrations.[134] During the Newroz celebrations in 2008, three Kurds were shot dead by Syrian security forces.[135][136] In March 2010, an attack by Syrian police killed two or three people, one of them a 15-year-old girl, and more than 50 people were wounded.[137] The Rojava revolution of 2012 and the subsequent establishment of the de facto Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria saw Kurdish civil rights greatly expand, and Newroz is now celebrated freely in most Kurdish areas of Syria except for Efrin, where the ritual is no longer allowed since the 2018 occupation by Turkish-backed rebel groups.[138]
Kurds in Iraq and Iran have had more freedom to celebrate Newroz than their countrymen of Syria and Turkey.
Kurds in the diaspora also celebrate the New Year; for example, Kurds in Australia celebrate Newroz not only as the beginning of the new year, but also as the Kurdish National Day. Similarly, the Kurds in Finland celebrate the new year as a way of demonstrating their support for the Kurdish cause.[139] Also in London, organizers estimated that 25,000 people celebrated Newroz during March 2006.[140] In Canada, the largest Kurdish Newroz festival is held in Ontario. In the States, the city of Nashville, Tennessee includes the largest Kurdish population in the United States. The Kurds celebrate Newroz by holding a Nashville festival; dressed in their traditional clothing, they sing and dance around a fire with their family and friends.[141]
Pakistan[edit]
In Pakistan, Nowruz is typically celebrated in parts of Gilgit-Baltistan,[142] Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, especially near the border with Afghanistan, and across Balochistan, with a large celebration held in the capital of Quetta.[143] Recently, the government of Iran has become involved in hosting celebrations in Islamabad to commemorate the holiday.[143] Like in India, the Parsi and Ismaili communities have historically celebrated the holiday,[144] as have some Shi’a Muslims.[16]
Theology[edit]
Followers of the Zoroastrian faith include Nowruz in their religious calendar, as do followers of other faiths.[145] Shia literature refers to the merits of the day of Nowruz; the Day of Ghadir took place on Nowruz; and the fatwas of major Shia scholars[146] recommend fasting. Nowruz is also a holy day for Sufis, Bektashis, Ismailis, Alawites,[147] Alevis, Babis and adherents of the Baháʼí Faith.[148]
Baháʼí Faith[edit]
Naw-Rúz is one of nine holy days for adherents of the Baháʼí Faith worldwide. It is the first day of the Baháʼí calendar, occurring on the vernal equinox around March 21.[149] The Baháʼí calendar is composed of 19 months, each of 19 days,[150] and each of the months is named after an attribute of God; similarly each of the nineteen days in the month also are named after an attribute of God.[150] The first day and the first month were given the attribute of Bahá, an Arabic word meaning splendour or glory, and thus the first day of the year was the day of Bahá in the month of Bahá.[149][151] Baháʼu’lláh, the founder of the Baháʼí Faith, explained that Naw-Rúz was associated with the Most Great Name of God,[149][151] and was instituted as a festival for those who observed the Nineteen-Day Fast.[152][153]
The day is also used to symbolize the renewal of time in each religious dispensation.[154] ʻAbdu’l-Bahá, Bahá’u’lláh’s son and successor, explained that significance of Naw-Rúz in terms of spring and the new life it brings.[149] He explained that the equinox is a symbol of the messengers of God and the message that they proclaim is like a spiritual springtime, and that Naw-Rúz is used to commemorate it.[155]
As with all Baháʼí holy days, there are few fixed rules for observing Naw-Rúz, and Baháʼís all over the world celebrate it as a festive day, according to local custom.[149] Persian Baháʼís still observe many of the Iranian customs associated with Nowruz such as the Haft-sin, but American Baháʼí communities, for example, may have a potluck dinner, along with prayers and readings from Baháʼí scripture.
Twelver and Ismaʿili Shias[edit]
Along with Ismailis,[156][157] Alawites[citation needed] and Alevis[citation needed], the Twelver Shia also hold the day of Nowruz in high regard.[citation needed]
It has been said that Musa al-Kadhim, the seventh Twelver Shia imam, has explained Nowruz and said: «In Nowruz God made a covenant with His servants to worship Him and not to allow any partner for Him. To welcome His messengers and obey their rulings. This day is the first day that the fertile wind blew and the flowers on the earth appeared. The archangel Gabriel appeared to the Prophet, and it is the day that Abraham broke the idols. The day Prophet Muhammad held Ali on his shoulders to destroy the Quraishie’s idols in the house of God, the Kaaba.»[158][better source needed]
The day upon which Nowruz falls has been recommended as a day of fasting for Twelver Shia Muslims by Shia scholars, including Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei[citation needed], Ruhollah Khomeini[159] and Ali al-Sistani.[160] The day also assumes special significance for Shias as it has been said that it was on March 16, 632 AD, that the first Shia Imam, Ali, assumed the office of caliphate. Shia Imami Ismaili Muslims around the globe celebrate Nowruz as a religious festival. Special prayers and Majalis are arranged in Jamatkhanas. Special foods are cooked and people share best wishes and prayers with each other.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
- Akitu
- Aroos-Gooleh
- Dehwa Rabba, the Mandaean New Year
- Dehwa d-Shishlam Rabba, the Mandaean «Little Nowruz»
- Ēostre
- Holi
- Kha b-Nisan
- New Year’s Day
- Pahela Baishakh
- Seharane
- Sham Ennessim
- Vernal Equinox Day, one of the two Kōreisai Japanese holidays
Notes[edit]
- ^ Eternal combat between the bull representing the Moon, and the lion representing the Sun and spring.
- ^
- Dari, Pashto, Arabic: نوروز
- Armenian: Նովրուզ
- Azerbaijani: Novruz
- Chinese: 诺鲁孜节
- Uighur: نەۋروز
- Georgian: ნოვრუზ
- Kurdish: Newroz
- Hebrew: נורוז
- Kazakh: Наурыз
- Kyrgyz: Нооруз
- Mongolian: Наурыз
- Urdu: نوروز
- Tajik: Наврӯз
- Turkish: Nevruz
- Turkmen: Nowruz
- Uzbek: Navro’z
References[edit]
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- ^ «Turkey bans Newroz celebrations for Syrian Kurds in Afrin». alaraby. 17 March 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
- ^ Wahlbeck, Osten (1999). Kurdish Diasporas: A Comparative Study of Kurdish Refugee Communities. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-22067-9.
- ^ «London celebrates Newroz: The Kurdish New Year». The Londoner. March 2006. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 10 March 2007.
- ^ «Who are the Kurds, and why are they in Nashville?». Tennessean.com. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
- ^ «Nowruz in Pakistan – The kite festival». en. 1 April 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
- ^ a b «Nowruz celebrated in Pakistan with Iran’s active participation». IRNA English. 25 March 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
- ^ «Navroz». the.Ismaili. 20 March 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
- ^ Mogul, Priyanka Mogul (18 March 2016). «Nowruz 2016: Who are Persia’s Zoroastrians and why is their festival being celebrated in India?». International Business Times. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
- ^ «Nowruz in the Twelver Shi’a faith». Rafed.net. Archived from the original on 15 March 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
- ^ «But they also celebrate some of the same festivals as the Christians, like Christmas and Epiphany, as well as Nauruz, which originally is the Zoroastrian New Year». I-cias.com. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
- ^ «The Baháʼí Calendar». Archived from the original on 28 September 2006. Retrieved 19 March 2007.
- ^ a b c d e Walbridge, John (11 July 2004). «Naw-Ruz: The Baháʼí New Year». Retrieved 14 March 2007.
- ^ a b Esslemont, J.E. (1980). Bahá’u’lláh and the New Era (5th ed.). Wilmette, Illinois, US: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. pp. 178–179. ISBN 978-0-87743-160-2.
- ^ a b Lehman, Dale E. (18 March 2000). «A New Year Begins». Planet Baháʼí. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 14 March 2007.
- ^ Bahá’u’lláh (1991). Baháʼí Prayers. Wilmitte, IL: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. p. 261.
- ^ Bahá’u’lláh (1992) [1873]. The Kitáb-i-Aqdas: The Most Holy Book. Wilmette, Illinois, US: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-85398-999-8.
- ^ MacEoin, Dennis (1989). «Bahai Calendar and Festivals». Encyclopædia Iranica.
- ^ `Abdu’l-Bahá (21 March 1913). «Star of the West». 4 (1): 4. republished in Effendi, Shoghi; The Universal House of Justice (1983). Hornby, Helen (ed.). Lights of Guidance: A Baháʼí Reference File. Baháʼí Publishing Trust, New Delhi, India. ISBN 978-81-85091-46-4.
- ^ «Nowruz Persian New Year – Eid Mubarak! | Ismaili Web Amaana». Ismaili Web Amaana. 15 March 2013. Retrieved 22 March 2017.
- ^ «Navroz». The Ismaili. 18 March 2010. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
- ^ Mireskandari, Anousheh (March 2012). «Nowruz in Islam». Islamic Centre of England. Archived from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2017.
- ^ Tahrir al-Wasilah, by Ayatollah Khomeini, Vol. 1, pp. 302–303
- ^ Islamic Laws, by Ali al-Sistani, under the section; «Mustahab Fasts»
External links[edit]
Media related to Nowruz at Wikimedia Commons
- Nowruz at Encyclopædia Iranica
Весенний новогодний праздник равноденствия — Навруз (Фото: Fanfo, по лицензии Shutterstock.com)
Весенний новогодний праздник равноденствия — Навруз, зародившись в Хорасане (историческая область на северо-востоке Ирана) более 3000 лет назад, почти одновременно с возникновением земледелия, распространился по всем сопредельным странам. В настоящее время отмечается в дни, на которые приходится весеннее равноденствие.
Слово Навруз (Новруз, Навруз, Нооруз, Невруз, Наурыз), означает новый день, его написание и произношение может варьироваться в зависимости от страны. Дата празднования также может отличаться.
Корни Навруза уходят в зороастризм. Навруз является древнейшим земледельческим праздником, его происхождение связано с возникновением земледельческого календаря. Фирдоуси и Омар Хайям, служивший при дворе туркменского царя Мелик-шаха, связывали возникновение Навруза с именами легендарных царей Джемшида, Каюмурса и других.
По древнему обычаю, до наступления Навруза люди должны тщательно убирать в домах и вокруг, полностью рассчитаться с долгами.
На праздничный стол выкладывали круглые лепешки из пшеницы, ячменя, проса, кукурузы, фасоли, гороха, чечевицы, риса, кунжута и бобов.
В Навруз готовят кушанья из семи, преимущественно растительных, продуктов, наиболее известным праздничным блюдом является сумаляк — блюдо из пророщенных ростков пшеницы.
В 2009 году Навруз был включен в Репрезентативный список нематериального культурного наследия человечества, а с 2010 года 21 марта отмечается Международный день Навруз (International Day of Nowruz), установленный резолюцией ООН №A/RES/64/253.
В древности все народы мира встречали Новый год в марте. История говорит, что представители древних цивилизаций началом года считали именно весну — период начала сельскохозяйственных работ. Стоит вспомнить, что в России до 1700 года он тоже праздновался и приходился на день весеннего равноденствия, 21 – 22 марта.
Своими корнями этот праздник, который получил название «Навруз», уходит в далекое прошлое и как утверждают историки, насчитывает более 5000 лет, когда главенствующей религией мира был зороастризм. Его происхождение связывают с культом Солнца и именем легендарного пророка Заратустры у древних иранцев. В его основе лежал свободный нравственный выбор человеком благих мыслей, слов и деяний. Религия провозглашала личную ответственность души человека за совершённые деяния в земной жизни.
Первые упоминания о праздновании Навруза, обнаружены в священной книге зороастризма «Авесте».
Где отмечают Навруз
Изменение религиозных и политических акцентов привело к тому, что сегодня его отмечают жители Земли, относящиеся к иранской и тюркской группе народов, куда входят буддисты и некоторые представители христиан разных стран, а также большинство мусульман. Однако многие ошибочно считают Навруз праздником тех, кто исповедует Ислам. Далеко не все его сторонники приветствуют и почитают этот праздник.
Например, на территории Ближнего Востока его отмечают только представители народов, проживавших там до прихода арабов и распространения Ислама. Арабы, хотя большинство из них – мусульмане, Навруз не празднуют. В Турции с 1925 года по 1991 год его празднование было запрещено, в Сирии он и сегодня вне закона.
Из-за широкой распространенности, его название в разных территориях звучит по-разному: Навруз, Новруз, Наурыз, Нооруз и другие варианты. Однако суть его остается прежней. Это – «новый день» (а именно так название праздника переводится на русский) в жизни человека, новая страница, возможность начать жить по-новому.
Этот праздник ежегодно отмечается в честь воскрешения Доброго светлого духа и поражения Злого. Именно поэтому он считается днем прощения, грехов и обид, призывает к любви и согласию. Для многих народов Навруз — национальный праздник.
С 2009 года Навруз включён ЮНЕСКО в список нематериального культурного наследия человечества, а 21 марта объявлен «Международным днем Новруза».
Обычаи и традиции встречи весны
Как и к любому празднику, к весеннему Наврузу начинают готовиться заранее, за четыре недели до его наступления. За это время стараются избавиться от долгов, простить обиды, избавиться от разного старья и хлама в доме, сделав его привлекательным для светлых чистых сил. Перед праздником, принято приводить в идеальный порядок свои дома.
Традиция мирно и радостно встречать праздник была возведена в высшую степень: даже войны прекращались к моменту наступления светлого дня, а во многих странах, враждовавшие между собой воины обменивались в знак примирения оружием.
В ночь на 21 марта разводят жаркие костры, в которых сжигают старые вещи, отпугивают злых духов и привлекают добрых. Обнимаются со всеми, желая многих лет жизни и благополучия, поют, пляшут народные танцы.
Праздник – из дома в дом
Встречают праздник богатым угощением, чтобы в доме было изобилие. Обязательным украшением стола являются проросшие зеленые побеги пшеницы, как символ рождения новой жизни. При этом важно не покупать на базаре готовый «зеленый букет», а вырастить его своими руками. Именно так можно привлечь достаток и благополучие.
Сам праздник начинается затемно. Вся семья, надев новые одежды, собирается за столом, обставленный новой красивой посудой В интернет-магазине КавказСувенир Али Акерова можно приобрести серебряные кувшины, изготовленные прославленными кубачинскими мастерами, которые украсят праздничный стол.
За столом подаются традиционные национальные блюда и те, которые специально готовятся только к этому празднику. И, хотя каждый народ угощается своими «вкусностями», есть кушанья, которые можно встретить почти везде. Обычно это – каша, приготовленная из семи или десяти злаков. У всех народов ее обязательным компонентом является пшеница. Достойное место на столе занимают вареные крашеные яйца, сухофрукты, орехи, лепешки, безалкогольные напитки. Не обходится стол без сладостей: халвы, пахлавы, сладкого печенья.
Угощений готовится множество, чтобы не застать хозяев врасплох, если в их дом придет много гостей.
Двери каждого дома в этот день открыты, и любой зашедший — желанный гость, которому положено угощение. Праздник Навруз считается семейным праздником, однако в этот день принято принимать гостей и самим ходить в гости. Как правило, в первую очередь посещают отдельно живущих родителей, близких родственников, угощают соседей и сами возвращаются с угощениями.
Хорошей традицией считается раздавать подаяния нищим. Считается, что чем больше отдашь, тем больше добром вернется. Кроме того, даже те, кто не имеет ничего, должны в этот день праздновать и возносить молитвы к Небу в честь светлого праздника.
Народные приметы
Во всех городах и селах устраиваются традиционные народные игры, в которых молодые парни меряются силой и ловкостью. Обязательным атрибутом празднования считается спуск со склонов зажженных колес, символизирующих солнце. Этот обычай – лишнее подтверждение того, что Навруз имеет языческие корни, общие для большинства народов.
Дети ходят от дома к дому, читают стихи, за что получают сладости от хозяев.
В традициях встречи Нового года, Пасхи, Рождества и празднования Навруза много общего. Одна из общих традиций – гадание девушки на жениха. Вечером на пороге дома они бросают через голову ботинок. По направлению носка упавшей обуви определяют, выйдут ли замуж в этом году: если носок ботинка указывает внутрь дома, на свадьбу можно не рассчитывать, а если в сторону от родительского порога – мечты сбудутся.
Другое гадание заключается в подслушивании разговоров за калиткой. Если суть разговора положительна, стоит ожидать сватовства и готовить праздничные одежды и украшения. Выбрать эксклюзивные женские серебряные украшения: кольца, браслеты, колье, изготовленные мастерами Кубачи, можно в интернет-магазине КавказСувенир.
С празднованием Навруза связано много примет. Народные поверья утверждают, что в ночь на 21 марта все члены семьи должны быть дома, чтобы не скитаться в чужих краях семь лет.
Не принято было принимать ночью гостей – двери для них распахивались утром. Зато тому, кто первый с утра принял гостя, приметы сулили удачу в течение всего года.
В праздник не принято давать в долг деньги, чтобы дом не лишился достатка.
У многих народов доброй традицией считалось в этот день досыта кормить животных и сажать деревья.
В настоящее время в сценарии праздника, помимо традиционных мероприятий, включаются концерты, выставки прикладного искусства, конкурсы.
В этом материале нет описания Навруза в том виде, в котором мы привыкли его видеть сегодня. В результате небольшого исследования здесь мы предоставляем вашему вниманию семь фактов о Наврузе, о которых большинство отмечающих его даже не подозревали.
Навруз в дословном переводе с таджикского (фарси-дари) означает новый день (нав — новый, рӯз — день) или, как привыкли его называть, праздник Равноденствия.
Говоря о древних корнях праздника, большинство ученых ссылаются на «Шахнаме» (Книга Царей) Абулькасима Фирдоуси (X-XI века), который в своем эпосе рассказывает о персах/арийцах со времен сотворения мира и до захвата империи арабскими завоевателями (VII век). Однако первые упоминания о Наврузе содержит и еще более старая книга «Авеста» — священное писание одной из древнейших религий мира, зороастризма, которая была распространена на территории современных Центральной Азии, Закавказья, Ирана, Афганистана и Пакистана до ислама. Об истории Навруза также упоминают в своих поздних трудах Бируни, ат-Табари, древнегреческий историк Страбон и многие другие.
Опираясь на все эти исторические документы, редакция интернет-портала «Россия для всех» попыталась разобраться в истории Навруза, смысле его традиций и символик, а также понять, насколько размылись те понятия, которые изначально закладывались в сам праздник и его обряды, в отрыве от сегодняшнего представления о празднике.
Джамшед, которому принадлежит Навруз
В период празднования Навруза всегда можно услышать пожелания «Наврӯзи Джамшедӣ муборак бод», что дословно можно перевести как «Поздравляю с Джамшедовым Наврузом». Большинство исследователей и историковполагают, что Навруз начали праздновать именно при царе Джамшеде, праправнуке царя Каюмарса. Об этом свидетельствуют и труды Хайяма Нишапури, Абу Рейхана Бируни и Абулькасима Фирдоуси, дошедшие до наших дней.
Согласно эпосу Фирдоуси «Шахнаме», Джамшед учредил праздник в третий период (каждый из которых состоял из 50 лет) своего 700-летнего правления, а уже последующие 300 лет люди под его правлением жили в мире и покое. Отсюда и сочетание «Навруз Джамшеда», или «Джамшедов Навруз»:
…Словно Солнце небесных высот,
Сиял повелитель прославленный тот.
Сходился народ на его торжество,
Дивился величью царя своего.
Джамшида, осыпав алмазным дождем,
Назвали тот радостный день Новым днем.
То день был Ормазд, месяц был — Фарвардин.
Забыв о заботах, не помня кручин,
Под говор струны, за ковшами вина,
Вся знать пировала, веселья полна.
И люди тот праздник святой сберегли,
Как память о древних владыках земли.
Датой праздника стал день хормоз месяца фарвардин — первый день нового года по астрономическому солнечному календарю, что по сегодняшнему календарю приходится на 21 марта.
Фото: © Peretz Partensky, Flickr.com
Как связан Навруз с духами умерших?
В древние времена (в зороастризме) считалось, что за 10 дней до наступления месяца фарвардин, то есть окончания года и наступления Навруза, души умерших предков начинают спускаться с небес, чтобы погостить у своих потомков и увидеться с ними.
Поэтому практика приготовлений к этому празднику заблаговременно началась еще тогда: убирают дома и кварталы, надевают новую одежду, зажигают огонь и благовония, распространяя приятный запах по всему жилищу — все для того, чтобы с рассветом первого дня месяца Фарвардин (началом Навруза) фравахары (духи) умерших могли вернуться в свою духовную обитель радостными и удовлетворенными, зная, что их потомки пребывают в гармонии с природой.
В «Авесте» по этому поводу говорится: «Благие, могучие, праведные, святые фравахары мы почитаем, которые перед праздником Хамас-пат-майдьом (то есть Наврузом) спускаются из своей обители и в течение 10 дней и ночей они ходят там, осведомляясь».
Из этого обычая в наши дни и осталась привычка приобретения и ношения новых нарядов.
Почему огонь так важен
Кроме того, что Навруз являлся предвестником лета (и ежегодной победы доброго духа над злым), в зороастризме этот праздник был еще посвящен непосредственно огню, который считался жизненной силой и одним из главных объектов поклонения.
Основным его предназначением в древние времена были проводы духов: в ночь перед Наврузом на рассвете люди провожали фравахары, зажигая огни на вершинах холмов или на крышах домов, и молились об их удовлетворении, прося вернуться вновь в следующем году.
Во времена же правления Ахеменидов (VI-IV века до нашей эры) и Сасанидов (III-VII века) каждый год в храмах проходили поклонения огню, его разжигали как на крышах домов, так и на праздничных столах (свечи).
Страбон писал, что «в самые древние, давние времена и по сегодняшние жители Междуречья собираются в этот день в Храме огня. Это самый почитаемый праздник, когда торговцы закрывают свои лавки, ремесленники прекращают работу, все веселятся, угощают друг друга теми напитками и кушаньями, которых коснулся огонь».
В наше время на территории Таджикистана и в других регионах компактного проживания таджиков из этой практики в основном остались только свечи на столах. Хотя относительно еще недавно, 100-150 лет назад, в Самарканде в канун праздника разжигали большие костры, прыгали через них, тем самым прося от природы обильного урожая и защиты от злых духов и джиннов (в некоторых отдаленных районах страны этот обычай сохранился, но стал лишь символическим). Прыгали даже женщины с грудными детьми, думая, что благодаря этому на протяжении всего года будут избавлены от напастей и несчастий.
Фото: © Jean-Pierre Dalbéra, Flickr.com
Главная роль на Наврузе — женская
Мало кто сейчас знает, но матерям в этот праздник отводилась очень значимая и, можно сказать, основная роль. За два месяца до праздника хозяйка начинала шить новую одежду и обувь для всей семьи и старалась, чтобы никто не остался в старой одежде в Навруз, особенно дети. В канун праздника под ее руководством убирался весь дом, вытиралась пыль и, конечно, готовились традиционные и праздничные блюда. Кстати, именно женщина готовила все необходимое на крыше дома для костра — хворост, заранее принесенную масляную или керосиновую лампу, сосуд с водой и прочее. Также именно она брала из домашнего очага в виде пламени немного огня, помещала его в маленький атешдан (приспособление для переноски огня) и поднимала его на крышу, а за нею следовали все остальные члены семьи.
Раньше родственники и соседи (женская часть) для подготовки к обрядам и приготовления традиционного хлеба и кушаний поочерёдно за пять дней начинали ходить по домам и помогать друг другу в подготовке к празднику. Особенно практиковалось это в деревнях.
Откуда взялись «Ҳафт син»?
Наиболее распространённое объяснение «Ҳафт син» — семь блюд/плодов, названия которых начинаются на ﺱ (в иранском алфавите буква называется «Син»). По традиции, которая сохранилась в наши дни, практически везде, где Навруз празднуется, как один из главных и неотъемлемых его атрибутов во время наступления Нового года на праздничном столе раскладывали «Ҳафт син», каждый из которых имел свое значение: сир (чеснок — символ медицины), сиб (яблоки — символ красоты и здоровья), сабзӣ (зелень (злаки) — символ возрождения природы), сенҷед (плоды лоха — символ любви), серке (уксус — символ мудрости и терпения), саману (хлебный пирог — символ достатка), сомаг (сумаҳ (вид специи) — символ рассвета).
Однако некоторые историки предполагают, что изначально это было «ҳафт шин», а на стол раскладывали молоко (шир), сахар (шакар), сладости (ширинӣ), шербет и прочее, а «Ҳафт шин» постепенно преобразовалось в «Ҳафт син». И только после стали обязательными как «Ҳафт син», так и «Ҳафт шин».
Другие считают, что сначала было «Ҳафт чин», т.е. семь видов сбора (от глагола «чидан» — собирать) с деревьев, что со временем изменилось в «хафт син».
Среди ученых также распространена теория, что во время правления Сасанидов (III-VII века) из Китая начали привозить разрисованные большие тарелки, которые стали называть «чинӣ» (китайские — Китай на персидском «Чин») и на которых раскладывали на Навруз фрукты, сладости и другие блюда — в общем семь наименований — и ставили эти подносы на праздничные столы. То есть ученые не исключают версии, что от словосочетания «Ҳафт чинӣ» (семь китайских) и образовалось сегодняшнее «Ҳафт син».
Фото: © Mohammadali Fakheri, Flickr.com
Анти-Навруз
Сегодня уже мало кто не знает, но существовал и некий «противовес» Наврузу. Согласно древнему календарю, год делился на два сезона, один из которых, летний, открывал Навруз, длившийся семь месяцев, а второй, зимний, длившийся пять месяцев, открывался праздником Меҳрган — с первым днем месяца меҳр (что в переводе означает любовь, дружбу) солнечного календаря, соответствующим 23 сентября. Это день также приходится на равноденствие, после которого ночь начинает становиться длиннее.
Праздник Меҳрган был вторым по значимости после Навруза и отмечался шесть дней. Фирдоуси в «Шахнаме» пишет, что возникновение этого праздника связано с победой кузнеца Каве над тираном Заххаком, которого после долгих усилий при поддержке всего народа заковали в цепи, а после выбрали царём Фаридуна.
Где празднуют?
Навруз объявлен государственным праздником в Азербайджане, Албании, Афганистане, Грузии, Косово, Кыргызстане, Иране, Ираке, Казахстане, монгольской провинции Байан-Огли, Таджикистане, Туркменистане, Узбекистане, а также в таких российских регионах, как Башкортостан и Татарстан. В период празднования граждане отдыхают от трех до семи дней в зависимости от страны.
Кроме того, его отмечают в Индии, Казахстане, Македонии, Пакистане, Турции и некоторых районах Дагестана и Чечни в России.
Хуршед Халилбеков
Источник
День нового года в персидском и зороастрийском календарях
Навруз. نوروز | |
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Наблюдает |
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Тип | Национальное, этническое, международное |
Значение | Новый год праздник |
Дата | 19, 20, 21 марта |
Периодичность | ежегодно |
Норуз, Навруз, Навруз, Новруз, Новруз, Навруз, Наурыз, Нооруз, Навруз, Навруз, Невруз, Новруз, Навруз | |
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Нематериальное культурное наследие ЮНЕСКО | |
Страна | Иран, Афганистан, Азербайджан, Индия, Ирак, Казахстан, Кыргызстан, Пакистан, Таджикистан, Турция, Туркменистан и Узбекистан |
Ссылка | 1161 |
Регион | Азиатско-Тихоокеанский регион |
История надписей | |
Надпись | 2016 (4-я сессия) |
Навруз (персидский : نوروز, произносится ; букв. «новый день») — иранский Новый год, также известный как персидский Новый год, который отмечается во всем мире различными этнолингвистическими группами.
Навруз имеет иранское и зороастрийское происхождение; однако, он отмечается различными сообществами на протяжении более 7000 лет в Западной Азии, Центральной Азии, Кавказе, бассейне Черного моря, Балканы и Южная Азия. Это светский праздник для большинства празднующих, которым наслаждаются люди нескольких разных вероисповеданий, но он остается священным днем для зороастрийцев, бахаи и некоторых мусульманских общин.
Навруз — это день весеннего равноденствия, и знаменует начало весны в Северном полушарии. Он отмечает первый день первого месяца (Фарвардин ) в иранских календарях. Обычно это происходит 21 марта или в предыдущий или следующий день, в зависимости от того, где это наблюдается. Момент, когда Солнце пересекает небесный экватор и уравнивает день и ночь, рассчитывается точно каждый год, и семьи собираются вместе, чтобы соблюдать ритуалы.
В то время как Навруз отмечается после реформы иранского календаря в 11 веке нашей эры, чтобы отметить новый год, Организация Объединенных Наций официально признала «Международный день Навруз» принятием резолюции ООН 64/253 в 2010 году.
Содержание
- 1 Навруз
- 1.1 Точность времени
- 1.2 Чаршанбе Сури
- 1.3 Сиздах бедар
- 2 История и происхождение
- 2.1 Древние корни
- 2.2 Периоды Ахеменидов
- 2.3 Периоды Аршакидов и Сасанидов
- 2.4 После мусульманского завоевания
- 2.5 Современная эпоха
- 3 Праздничные обычаи
- 3.1 Уборка дома и покупки
- 3.2 Посещение семьи и друзей
- 3,3 Хафт-син
- 3,4 Хафт Мива
- 3,5 Кхонча
- 3,6 Аму Навруз и Хаджи Фируз
- 3,7 Кампирак
- 3,8 Поэтические композиции
- 4 Населенный пункт
- 4,1 Афганистан
- 4,2 Армения
- 4,3 Азербайджан
- 4,4 Бангладеш
- 4,5 Центральная Азия
- 4,6 Китай
- 4,7 Грузия
- 4,8 Индия
- 4,9 Иран
- 4,10 Курды
- 4,11 Пакистан
- 5 Богословие
- 5.1 Вера бахаи
- 5.2 Двенадцать э и исмаилит-шииты
- 6 См. также
- 7 Примечания
- 8 Ссылки
- 9 Внешние ссылки
Навруз
Первый день иранского календаря в мартовское равноденствие, первый день весны, около 21 марта. В XI веке н.э. иранский календарь был реформирован, чтобы зафиксировать начало календарного года, то есть Навруз, в день весеннего равноденствия. Соответственно, определение Навруза, данное иранским ученым Туси, было следующим: «Первый день официального Нового года [Новруз] всегда был днем, когда солнце входило Овен до полудня.» Навруз — это первыйдень Фарвардина, первого месяца иранского солнечного календаря.
Слово Навруз представляет собой комбинацию персидских слов نو now, что означает «новый», и رو ruz, что означает «день». Произношение варьируется в зависимости от персидских диалектов: восточные диалекты используют произношение [nawˈɾoːz] (как в дари и классическом персидском языке, тогда как в таджикском языке оно записывается как «Наврӯз» Navröz), западных диалектах [nowˈɾuːz] и тегеранском языке [noːˈɾuːz]. В английском языке существует множество вариантов написания слова навруз, включая новруз, навруз, науруз и невроз.
Точность времени
Освещение Земли Солнцем в день равноденствия
Время Навруза в Иране основано на алгоритмическом календаре солнечной хиджры, который основан на точных астрономических наблюдениях и, кроме того, на использовании сложной системы интеркаляции, которая делает его более точным, чем его европейский аналог, григорианский calendar.
Каждый 2820-летний великий цикл содержит 2137 нормальных лет из 365 дней и 683 високосных года из 366 дней, при средней продолжительности года в большом большом цикле 365,24219852. Это среднее значение всего на 0,00000026 (2,6 × 10) дня короче, чем значение Ньюкомба для среднего тропического года из 365,24219878 дней, но значительно больше отличается от текущего среднего значения весеннего равноденствия. год из 365,242362 дней, что означает, что новый год, назначенный на день весеннего равноденствия, сместится на полдня в течение цикла. Как поясняет источник, 2820-летний цикл ошибочен и никогда не использовался на практике.
Чаршанбе Сури
Чаршанбе Сури в Нью-Йорке, март 2016
Чаршанбе Сури (персидский : چهارشنبهسوری, романизированный : čahâr-šanbeh sūrī (букв. «Праздничная среда») — это прелюдия к Новому году. В Иране он отмечается накануне последней среды накануне. Навруз. Обычно его отмечают вечером, совершая ритуалы, такие как прыжки через костры и зажигание петард и салютов.
В Азербайджане, где обычно готовятся к Новрузу. начинается на месяц раньше, фестиваль проводится каждый вторник в течение четырех недель до праздника Новруз. Каждый вторник люди отмечают день одной из четырех стихий — воды, огня, земли и ветра. В канун праздника могилы к родственникам приходят и ухаживают.
Иранцы поют поэтическую строчку «мой желтый — твой, твой красный — мой», что означает мою слабость по отношению к тебе и твою силу для меня (персидский : سرخی تو از من ، ردی م ن از تو, латинизированный : zardi ye man az to, sorkhi ye to az man) к огню во время праздника, прося огонь убрать болезни и проблемы и замените их теплом, здоровьем и энергией. Тропический микс и ягоды также подаются во время празднования.
Стук ложкой (قاشق زنی) — традиция, соблюдаемая накануне Чаршанбе Сури, подобная обычаю Хэллоуина угощения или угощения. В Иране люди носят маскировку и ходят от двери к двери, стучат ложками по тарелкам или мискам и получают упакованные закуски. В Азербайджане в последний вторник перед Новрузом дети проскальзывают в дома и квартиры своих соседей, стучат в двери и оставляют свои шапки или корзинку на пороге, прячась поблизости в ожидании конфет, пирожных и орехов.
Ритуал перепрыгивания через огонь продолжился в Армении в праздник Трндез, который является праздником очищения в Армянской Апостольской церкви и Армянской католической церкви. Церковь, празднуется через сорок дней после рождения Иисуса.
Сиздах бедар
В Иране праздники Навруз длятся тринадцать дней. На тринадцатый день Нового года иранцы покидают свои дома, чтобы насладиться природой и пикником на открытом воздухе в рамках церемонии Сиздебедар. Зелень, выращенную для настройки Haft-sin, выбрасывается, особенно в проточную воду. Молодые одинокие люди, особенно молодые девушки, также принято связывать листья зелени перед тем, как выбросить их, выражая желание найти партнера. Еще один обычай, связанный с Сиздах Бедаром, — это розыгрыши и розыгрыши, похожие на День дураков
История и происхождение
Древние корни
Существуют различные мифы об основании Навруза в иранской мифологии.
Шахнаме приписывает основание Навруза мифическому иранскому королю Джамшиду, который спас человечество от зимы, обреченной на гибель всех живых существ. Чтобы победить убийственную зиму, Джамшид построил трон, усыпанный драгоценными камнями. Он приказал демонам поднять его над землей в небеса; вот он сидел, сияя, как Солнце. Существа мира собрали и рассыпали вокруг него драгоценности и провозгласили, что наступил Новый день (ныне Руз). Это был первый день Фарвардина, который является первым месяцем иранского календаря.
, хотя неясно, отмечают ли протоиндоиранцы праздник как первый день календаря., есть признаки того, что иранцы, возможно, отмечают начало осени и весны, соответственно, связанных со сбором урожая и посевом семян, для празднования Нового года. Мэри Бойс и Франц Гренет объясняют традиции сезонных фестивалей и комментарий: «Возможно, великолепие вавилонских в это время года побудило иранцев превратить свой собственный весенний праздник в установленный новогодний праздник под названием Навасарда, «Новый год» (имя, которое, хотя и впервые засвидетельствовано среднеперсидскими производными, относится к ахеменидскому периоду) ». Местные наблюдения древних иранцев, по-видимому, в основном, были связаны с сельским хозяйством, «вероятно, что они традиционно проводят фестивали осенью и весной, чтобы отметить основные поворотные моменты в естественном году».
Навруз частично уходит своими корнями в традиции иранских религий, таких как митраизм и зороастризм. В митраизме праздники были связаны со светом Солнца. Иранские праздники, такие как Мехрган (осеннее равноденствие ), Тирган и канун Челле Йе Земестан (зимнее солнцестояние ) также происходит от бога Солнца (Сурья ). Среди идей зороастризма — первая монотеистическая религия, которая подчеркивает такие концепции, как соответствующая работа добра и зла в мире и связь людей с природой. Зороастрийские обычаи доминировали на протяжении большей части истории древнего Ирана. В зороастризме семь наиболее важных зороастрийских праздников — это шесть праздников Гахамбара и Навруз, который приходится на весеннее равноденствие. Согласно Мэри Бойс, «кажется разумным предположение, что Навруз, самый священный из всех, имеющий глубокое доктринальное значение, основан Зороастром самим»; хотя точной даты происхождения нет. Между заходом солнца в день шестого Гахамбара и восходом солнца Новруза праздновалась Хамаспатмаедая (позже известная в расширенной форме как Фравардинеган; а сегодня известная как Фарвардиган). Это и Гахамбар — единственные праздники, названные в сохранившемся тексте Авесты.
. Ученый X века Бируни в своей работе Китаб ат-Тафхим ли Аваил Синаат аль-Танджим, содержит описание календарей разных народов. Помимо иранского календаря, упоминаются различные праздники греков, евреев, арабов, сабийцев и других народов. В разделе иранского календаря он регистрирует Навруз, Саде, Тирган, Мехрган, шесть Гахамбаров, Фарвардиган, Бахманджа, Эсфанд Армаз и несколько других праздников. По его словам, «иранцы верят, что Навруз знаменует собой первый день, когда Вселенная начала свое движение». Персидский историк Гардизи в своем труде «Зайн аль-Ахбар» в разделе о зороастрийских праздниках упоминает Навруз (среди других праздников) и выделяет, что Зороастр особо выделяет празднование Навруза и Мехргана.
период Ахеменидов
Барельеф в Ападане, Персеполис, изображающий армян, приносящих свои знаменитые вино царю.
Хотя слово «Навруз» не записано в ахеменидских надписях, Ксенофон подробно описал празднование Навруза в Персеполе и его продолжительности. этот праздник в традиции Ахеменидов. Навруз был важным днем во времена империи Ахеменидов (ок. 550–330 до н. Э.). Короли разных народов Ахеменидов приносили дары Царю царей. Значение церемонии было таково, что назначение царя Камбиза II царем Вавилона было узаконено только после его участия в упомянутом ежегодном фестивале Ахеменидов
. Было высказано предположение, что знаменитый комплекс Персеполис или по крайней мере, дворец Ападана и Стоколонный зал были построены специально для празднования праздника, связанного с Новрузом.
В 539 г. до н.э. евреи попали под власть Ирана, таким образом подвергнув обе группы обычаям друг друга. Согласно Британской энциклопедии, история Пурима, рассказанная в Книге Эстер, адаптирована из иранской новеллы о проницательности цариц гарема, предполагаемая, что Пурим может быть принятым иранским Нового года. Конкретная новелла не указана, и сама Британская энциклопедия отмечает, что «никаких еврейских текстов этого жанра персидского периода не сохранилось, поэтому эти новые элементы можно распознать только на основе вывода». Пурим отмечается в течение нескольких недель после Навруза, так как дата Пурима на лунном календаре, а Новруз приходится на весеннее равноденствие. Вполне возможно, что евреи и иранцы того времени разделяют или принимать аналогичные обычаи для этих праздников.
периоды Аршакидов и Сасанидов
Навруз был праздником Аршакидов династический, испорченный большим азербайджанским меньшинством страны (~ 7% от общей численности населения),поскольку а также иранцами, живущими в Грузии. Ежегодно в столице Тбилиси проводятся большие торжества, а также в районах со значительным количеством азербайджанцев, таких как Квемо Картли, Кахети, Шида Картли и Мцхета-Мтианети регионы. Грузинские политики на протяжении многих лет посещали торжества в столице и поздравляли соблюдающие Навруз этнические группы и граждан в Грузии с днем Навруза.
Индия
Парсы Сообщество Индии отмечает Новый год, используя календарь Шахеншахи, который не учитывает високосные годы, что означает, что этот праздник теперь сдвинут на 200 дней по сравнению с исходным днем весеннего равноденствия. В Индии Новый год на парси празднуется примерно 16-17 августа.
Традиция Новруза в Северной Индии восходит к Империи Великих Моголов ; фестиваль отмечался в течение 19 дней с помпой и весельем. Однако дальше оно восходит к парси зороастрийской общине в Западной Индии, которая мигрировала на Индийский субконтинент из Персии. во время мусульманского завоевания Персии в 636–651 гг. В княжеском штате Хайдарабад Навруз (Науроз) был одним из четырех праздников, когда Низам проводил публичные Дарбар вместе с два официальных исламских праздника и день рождения государя. До правления Асафа Джахи в Хайдарабаде, династия Кутб Шахи праздновала Навруз ритуалом под названием Панджери, и праздник отмечался всеми с большим величием. Кази Назрул Ислам, во время возрождения Бенгалии, изобразил фестиваль яркими зарисовками и стихами, подчеркивая его различные аспекты.
Иран
Раскрашивание огромных яиц для Новруза в Тегеране.
Новруз — это двухнедельный праздник, знаменующий начало Нового года в официальном календаре солнечного хеджри Ирана. Празднование включает в себя четыре государственных праздника с первого по четвертый день Фарвардина, первого месяца иранского календаря, обычно начинающегося 21 марта. В канун Навруза проводится праздник огня Чаршанбе Сури празднуется.
После революции 1979 года некоторые радикальные элементы из исламского правительства попытались подавить Навруз, считая его языческим праздником и отвлечением от исламских праздников. Навруз был политизирован, политические лидеры произносили ежегодные речи на Новруз.
Курды
Празднование Новруза 2019 в Санандадж, Иран
Навруз в Стамбуле, Турция
Навруз в основном считается мощным символом курдской идентичности в Турции, даже если есть турки (в том числе туркмены), отмечающие праздник. Курды Турции отмечают этот праздник с 18 по 21 марта. Курды собираются на ярмарочных площадях, в основном за пределами городов, чтобы встретить весну. Женщины носят цветные платья и украшены блестками головные платки, а молодые люди размахивают зелеными, желтыми и красными флагами — историческими цветами курдов. Они проводят этот фестиваль, зажигая огонь и танцуя вокруг него. Навруз видел много запретов в Турции и может отмечаться на законных основаниях только с 1992 года после снятия запрета на курдский язык. Но и впоследствии празднование Навруза может быть запрещено, что приведет к конфронтации с турецкими властями. В дни Джизре, Нусябина и Ширнака празднования приобрели жестокий характер, когда турецкая полиция открыла огонь по собравшимся толпам. Празднования Навруза обычно организуют курдские культурные ассоциации и прокурдские политические партии. Таким образом, Партия демократического общества была ведущей силой в организации событий Навруза 2006 года по всей Турции. В последние годы празднование Навруз собирает около 1 миллиона участников в Диярбакыре, самом большом городе в юго-восточной Турции, где доминируют курды. Поскольку курдские празднования Навруз в Турции часто являются театром политических посланий, эти мероприятия часто критикуют за то, что они являются политическими митингами, а не культурными торжествами.
До 2005 года курдское население Турции не могло праздновать свой Новый год открыто. «Тысячи людей были задержаны в Турции, поскольку власти принимают меры против подозреваемых сторонников курдского повстанческого движения, РПК. Праздник теперь является официальным в Турции после международного давления на турецкое правительство с целью снятия запретов на культуру. Правительство Турции переименовало праздник Невроз в 1995 году. В последние годы ограничения на выражение курдской национальной идентичности, включая использование курдского в общественной сфере, были значительно ослаблены.
21 марта 2013 года., Лидер РПК Абдулла Оджалан призвал к прекращению огня через сообщение, которое было опубликовано в Диярбакыре во время Навруза.
Навруз – один из древнейших праздников в истории человечества.У восточных народов он символизирует начало нового года, весеннего возрождения и нового урожая. Некоторые считают Навруз мусульманским праздником. На самом же деле, корни его празднования далеки от ислама, а в большинстве мусульманских стран его вообще не отмечают.
Что общего у Навруза и Пасхи
Любопытно, что у Навруза очень много сходств с Пасхой. Например, считается, что в канун праздника духи умерших посещают дома, где они жили раньше. Поэтому заблаговременно до Навруза люди убираются на могилках, а к празднику наводят в доме порядок.
Фото: Каландаров Нозим/ТАСС
На праздничном дастархане алкоголь заменяют на домашние сладости – выпекают хворост, боорсоки, делают чак-чак. Но самое удивительное, что на Навруз красят яйца. Эта традиция сохранилась в Таджикистане, Турции, Азербайджане, Афганистане. Яйцо издревле считается символом зарождения новой жизни.
Отличие состоит в том, что православные после крестного хода и всенощной расходятся и дальше празднуют в кругу семьи, а Навруз сопровождается гуляньями и народными состязаниями.
Этот древний праздник схож и со святками. В Азербайджане, например, до начала празднования Навруза перед наступлением темноты гадают на колечке. В центре комнаты ставят сосуд, наполненный водой, и вокруг него собираются девушки. Они бросают свои колечки в воду. После этого сосуд сверху закрывают материей и загадывают желание, затем одна из девушек достает из сосуда колечко. Считается, что исполнится желание той девушки, колечко которой достанут из воды. Гадают не только в Азербайджане, но и в Албании, Македонии.
Уникальные традиции праздника
В Иране, колыбели этого древнего праздника, в наши дни на Навруз собирают скатерть с семью предметами, начинающихся на арабскую букву «син» – «Софре хафт син».
В зороастризме каждый из этих предметов воплощает то или иное благо. Атрибуты «хафт син» не менялись с глубокой древности. Это яблоко («себ»), пророщенные зерна пшеницы («сабзи»), уксус («серке»), дикая маслина («сенджед»), монета, чеснок («сир») и, наконец, специя сумах. Нередко добавляют на скатерть раскрытый Коран, а также маленький аквариум с золотыми рыбками, символизирующими счастливую жизнь.
В Оше, в древнем городе Кыргызстана, сохранился обряд «Алас, алас! Ар балээден калас!». Это своего рода слова-обереги, заклинание «Уходите прочь напасти!». Считается, что так из дома можно изгнать злых духов, чтобы все неприятное осталось позади. Эти слова сопровождаются очищением жилья дымом арчи. Кстати, эти слова Умай-эне (женское божество в шаманизме) употребляются в основном кыргызами, реже казахами.
Фото: Каландаров Нозим/ТАСС
Недалеко от Кыргызстана – в Намангане (Узбекистан) – выбирают хозяйку праздника – Бахор-ханум – Весну и Дехкан-бобо – дед-Земледелец и Момоер – Земля. Трое главных героев Навруза в красочных национальных нарядах объезжают улицы на украшенной цветами машине в сопровождении музыкантов и приглашают всех на главную площадь города.
А вот в Казахстане в этот день принято дарить подарки. При этом преподносить их нужно близким и гостям. Надо принять не менее семи гостей и посетить не менее семи домов.
На Северном Кавказе встречают весну «будильником». Традицию чтут в деревнях. Собираются мужчины и начинается самая шумная часть праздника. В качестве «будильников» у них самодельные фейерверки. Для уверенности, что весна проснулась и идет, сигнал «будильника» повторяют десять раз.
Еще дальше – в некоторых районах Китая – в Навруз проводят таинственные обряды. Некоторые девушки исполняют особый обряд: заходят по колено в реку и поют песни, прося хозяина вод дать им хорошего жениха.
В Турции зажигают сотни факелов. Жители этой страны совершают праздничные шествия по горам под звуки бубна. Считается, что таким образом можно избавиться от напастей и несчастий на год.
Главное угощение – сумаляк
В каждой стране это блюдо называют по-разному, но везде это каша из проросшей пшеницы. По легенде, одна бедная женщина, чтобы накормить своих голодных детей, налила в казан воды, бросила туда несколько речных камушков и пучок травы, росшей у их дома, и начала варить, шепча молитвы. От усталости она заснула, а когда проснулась, увидела, что содержимое в казане превратилось в смесь, похожую на повидло. Так она смогла накормить своих детей и спасти их от голода. Традиция кидать камни в казан в некоторых деревнях сохранилась и поныне, в городах вместо булыжников бросают орехи. Тому, кому они достанутся, год принесет удачу и благополучие.
Фото: Каландаров Нозим/ТАСС
Сумаляк варят всем миром – с родственниками и соседями. Интересно, что к котлу во время варки сумаляка поочерёдно допускаются девушки, чтобы загадать рождение малыша. Вообще всё, что связано с приготовлением сумаляка, считается чудотворным. Бесплодные женщины садятся в потухший очаг, чтобы забеременеть. Все эти верования говорят о том, что сумаляк традиционно связан с представлениями людей о плодородии.
Фирменные блюда на Навруз
Безусловно, каждое угощение на праздничном столе несет свой сакральный смысл. В рецептах каждого из них используются продукты, которые являются символами пробуждения, изобилия, счастья, достатка.
Главным ритуальным блюдом у казахов является сытный суп «наурыз-коже». Его готовят из семи ингредиентов: соли, крупы, молока (или айрана), курта (как жирная составляющая), воды, муки (лапши) и мяса (конины).
В Узбекистане хозяйки жарят особые пирожки с зеленью, готовят «нишалду» – сладкий десерт из яичных белков, взбитых с сахаром и душистыми кореньями трав, в казанах готовится плов.
Кыргызы готовят праздничное блюдо «чон кеже» – суп из бычьего мяса с добавлением риса, гороха, пшеницы, кукурузы, муки, пшена, картофеля и специй.
Фото: Каландаров Нозим/ТАСС
В Турции и Иране гостей встречают «берегом со шпинатом», сделанного из юфки, традиционным лакомством – «леблеби». Азербайджанцы готовят «шакярбура» (блюдо из теста с орехами), пахлаву.
В Курдистане любят жарить шашлык. Распространены сладкие пловы. Варят пшеницу, или «савар», сдабривая ее медом.
Лакцы – один из коренных народов Северного Кавказа – на Навруз готовят сладкие пироги «барта», мясной суп «итти нак» с растертыми пшеничными зернами.
Праздник, который пережил советскую идеологию
В 1926 году и Навруз, и Пасху запретили отмечать в Советском Союзе. Большевики были настроены против этих праздников и брали на карандаш тех, кто праздновал его. Этих людей затем подвергали общественному порицанию.
Фото: Тавакалов Альберт/ТАСС
В 1967 году, после почти 40-летнего перерыва, Москва неожиданно разрешила отмечать Навруз. Историки решение связывают с политикой СССР на Ближнем Востоке, в особенности по отношению к Ирану. И Навруз вновь стал всенародным. А 9 лет назад Генассамблея ООН единогласно признала Навруз и его традиции частью культурного достояния человечества.