Самый известный праздник бразилии

Brazilian Carnaval
Devla Imperatrix Queen of Carnaval in Rio De Janeiro. Rio’s carnaval is the largest in the world according to Guinness World Records.[1]
Also called	Carnaval
Observed by	Brazilians, communities worldwide
Type	Cultural, Religious (Roman Catholicism) (Afro Candomblé)
Significance	Celebration prior to fasting season of Lent.
Begins	Friday before Ash Wednesday (51 days to Easter)
Ends	Ash Wednesday midday (46 days before Easter)
2022 date	Afternoon, February 25 – midday, March 2
2023 date	Afternoon, February 17 – midday, February 22
2024 date	Afternoon, February 9 – midday, February 14
2025 date	Afternoon, February 28 – midday, March 5
Frequency	annual
Related to	Carnival, Mardi Gras, Ash Wednesday, Lent

The Carnival of Brazil (Portuguese: Carnaval do Brasil, IPA: [kaʁnaˈvaw]) is an annual Brazilian festival held the Friday afternoon before Ash Wednesday at noon, which marks the beginning of Lent, the forty-day period before Easter. During Lent, Roman Catholics and some other Christians traditionally abstained from the consumption of meat and poultry, hence the term «carnival», from carnelevare, «to remove (literally, «raise») meat.»^[2]

Rhythm, participation, and costumes vary from one region of Brazil to another. In the southeastern cities of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, and Vitória, huge organized parades are led by samba schools. Those official parades are meant to be watched by the public, while minor parades (blocos) allowing public participation can be found in other cities, like Belo Horizonte,^[3] also in the southeastern region. The northeastern cities of Recife, Olinda, Salvador, and Porto Seguro have organized groups parading through streets, and public interacts directly with them. It is a six-day party where crowds follow the trios elétricos through the city streets, dancing and singing. Also in northeast, Olinda carnival features unique characteristics, heavily influenced by local folklore and cultural manifestations, such as Frevo and Maracatu.

The typical genres of music of Brazilian carnival are, in the Southeast Region in general, mostly cities of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo: the samba-enredo, the samba de bloco, the samba de embalo and the marchinha; and in the Northeast Region including Pernambuco (mostly cities of Olinda and Recife): frevo and maracatu, and Bahia (mostly the city of Salvador): samba-reggae, pagode (also a type of Samba) and the main genre axé music. These rhythms were mainly developed by Afro-brazlians and Pardos, incorporating and adapting many cultural influences, from the percussion beats of Africa to the military fanfares of Europe and iberian music in the use of instruments like pandeiro and cavaquinho.

Carnival is the most popular holiday in Brazil and has become an event of huge proportions.^[4][5][6][7] Except for industrial production, retail establishments such as malls, and carnival-related businesses, the country unifies completely for almost a week and festivities are intense, day and night, mainly in coastal cities.^[8] Rio de Janeiro’s carnival alone drew 4.9 million people in 2011, with 400,000 being foreigners.^[9]

Brazilian carnival in essence is a synthesis of European, indigenous, and Afro-Brazilian cultural influences, each group has played an important role in the development of the structure and aesthetic of the Brazilian carnival of today. For instance, the main rhythms used in carnival celebrations were developed by Afro-Brazilians and make use of European instruments like the cavaquinho and pandeiro to create melodies and arrangements, also the fantasies and costumes in the Brazilian carnival borrow concepts from the clothing of the natives, like the use of feathers and the tendency to use lighter pieces of clothing. Historically its origins can be traced to the Portuguese Age of Discoveries when their caravels passed regularly through Madeira, a territory which already celebrated emphatically its carnival season, and where they were loaded with goods but also people and their ludic and cultural expressions.^[10][11]

Disruptions[edit]

The Carnival was first suspended in 1912, following the death of the Baron of Rio Branco, at the time Brazilian Minister of External Relations. The mayor of Rio reportedly postponed all licenses for the Carnival associations, but despite this many residents still partied in the streets anyway.^[12] The Carnival went on as scheduled despite World War I and World War II, besides during Brazil’s military dictatorship, despite strict regulations.

The first disruption to the Carnival in 108 years took place in late September 2020 amid the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil, when the 2021 festival was cancelled.^[13][14] The next festival is scheduled for 26 February-2 March 2022, depending on the evolution of the epidemiological situation in the country.^[15]

By region[edit]

Rio de Janeiro[edit]

In the late 18th century, the «cordões» (literally «cords», laces or strings in Portuguese) combined with the «dança do coco» (literally «coconut dance» an Afro-Brazilian dance troupe form) were introduced in Rio de Janeiro. These were pageant groups that paraded through city avenues performing on instruments and dancing. Today they are known as Carnaval blocos (blocks), consisting of a group of people who dress in costumes or special T-shirts with themes and/or logos. Blocos are generally associated with particular neighbourhoods; they include both a percussion or music group and an entourage of revelers. They eventually became the «fathers» of what everyone today knows as the famous and internationally renowned samba-schools in Brazil. Samba-schools (not only in Rio de Janeiro, but in São Paulo and several other cities) are the cultural epicenter of the Brazilian carnival, in terms of the «parading style». The first registered samba-school was called «Deixa-falar», but disappeared later and the first official samba-school contest happened in 1929, with only three groups, and «Oswaldo Cruz» group won the competition, with a samba written by Heitor dos Prazeres. GRES Estação Primeira de Mangueira Samba-School, represented by Cartola, and Estácio de Sá samba School, represented by Ismael Silva, were the other 2 contestants. Eventually, «Oswaldo Cruz» became Portela Samba School, the greatest winner of Rio’s Carnival with 22 Titles. Although many Brazilians tend now to favor other forms of national music culture to that of Rio’s samba schools, the carnival of Rio de Janeiro remains the national festival par excellence, and the samba of Rio de Janeiro continues to be an agent of national unification.^[16]

Carnaval blocos, also known as Blocos de Rua («Street Blocks») occur in nearly every neighborhood throughout the city and metropolitan areas, but the most famous are the ones in Copacabana, Ipanema, Leblon, Lagoa, Jardim Botânico, and in downtown Rio. Organizers often compose their own music themes that are added to the performance and singing of classic «marchinhas» and samba popular songs. «Cordão do bola preta» («Polka Dot Bloco»), that goes through the heart of Rio’s historical center, and «Suvaco do Cristo» (‘Armpit of Christ the Redeemer’, referring to the angle of the statue seen from the neighborhood), near the Botanical Garden, are some of the most famous groups. Monobloco has become so famous that it plays all year round at parties and small concerts.

The formalized samba schools are very small groups of performers, financed by respected organizations (as well as legal gambling groups), who work year-round in preparation for Carnival. Samba Schools perform in the Sambadrome, which runs four entire nights and is overseen by LIESA.^[17] They are part of an official competition, divided into seven divisions, in which a single school is declared the winner, according to ten judging categories^[18] that include costume, flow, theme, and band music quality and performance. Some samba schools also hold street parties in their neighborhoods, through which they parade along with their followers.

All performers at the Sambadrome have to wear a costume. Some honored members of the school or community may receive one for free, but normally, most will have to pay for their own.^[19] Tourists can have the same experience on the «Commercial Area» of some Samba Schools but need to buy their own costume from the school, or through an agent, either of which can be quite costly.^[20]

Bahia[edit]

There are several major differences between Carnival in the state of Bahia in Northeastern Brazil and Carnival in Rio de Janeiro. The musical styles are different at each carnival; in Bahia there are many rhythms, including samba, samba-reggae, axé, etc., while in Rio there is the multitude of samba styles: the «samba-enredo», the «samba de bloco», the «samba de embalo», the «funk-samba», as well as the famous «marchinhas» played by the «bandas» in the streets.

In the 1880s, the black population commemorated the days of Carnival in its own way, highly marked by Yoruba characteristics, dancing in the streets playing instruments. This form was thought of as «primitive» by the upper-class white elite, and the groups were banned from participating in the official Bahia Carnival, dominated by the local conservative elite. The groups defied the ban and continued to do their dances.

By the 1970s, four main types of carnival groups developed in Bahia: Afoxês, Trios Elétricos, «Amerindian» groups, and Blocos Afros. Afoxês use the rhythms of the African inspired religion, Candomblé. They also worship the gods of Candomblé, called orixás. An Electric Trio is characterized by a truck equipped with giant speakers and a platform where musicians play songs of local genres such as axé. People follow the trucks singing and dancing. The «Amerindian» groups were inspired by Western movies from the United States. The groups dress up as Native Americans and take on Native American names. Blocos Afros, or Afro groups, were influenced by the Black Pride Movement in the United States, independence movements in Africa, and reggae music that denounced racism and oppression. The groups inspired a renewed pride in African heritage.^[21]

Today, Bahia’s carnival consists mostly of Trios Elétricos, but there are still Blocos Afros and Afoxês. Every year, about half a million tourists are attracted to Salvador. It is also possible to watch everything from the Camarotes (ringside seats) spread out along the way, offering more comfort to the visitors.

Pernambuco[edit]

The northeast state of Pernambuco has unique Carnivals in its present capital Recife and in its colonial capital Olinda. Their main rhythms are the frevo and the maracatu. Galo da Madrugada is the biggest carnival parade in the world, considering the number of participants, according The Guinness Book of World Records. It means «dawn’s rooster» and parades, as the name suggests, in the morning only. Frevo is Pernambucan-style dance with African and acrobatic influences, as it is fast and electrifying, often using an open umbrella and frequent legs and arms movements.

Unlike Salvador and Rio, the festivities in Recife, Olinda and Itamaraca do not include group competitions. Instead, groups dance and play instruments side by side. Troças and maracatus, mostly of African influence, begin one week before Carnival and end a week later.

São Paulo[edit]

The carnival in São Paulo takes place in the Anhembi Sambadrome on the Friday and Saturday night of the week of Carnival, as opposed to Rio’s Carnival, which is held on Sunday and Monday night.

Various «samba schools» compete in a huge parade. Each school presents a different theme, which they expose through their costumes, dance, music, and the allegorical cars or «carros alegóricos«, huge vehicles decorated according to the theme designed specifically for the parade. The schools are responsible for choosing their own themes, which usually revolve around historical happenings or some sort of cultural or political movement.

Vai-Vai is the oldest school and has been the Special Group champion most times (15 total, including the 2015 championship). It also is the most popular, for it has a larger fan base and many supporters among the people of the city.

São Paulo has usurped Rio de Janeiro as the Brazilian city with the largest and most diverse Carnival in Brazil.^[22] It is also the most LGBTQ+ friendly Carnival in Brazil.^[23] In 2017, the Sexual Diversity Museum of São Paulo formed its own Carnival group to provide the message of inclusion, peace, and respect for all LGBT people.^[23] In 2020, São Paulo Carnival has featured Camilla Prins, the first transgender woman to lead a samba school in any Carnival event in Brazil.^[24]

Espírito Santo[edit]

The Carnival in Vitória are performed one week before Carnival, more precisely in Sambão do Povo. The schools are responsible for choosing their own themes, which usually revolve around historical happenings or some sort of cultural or political movement.

More than the traditional school parade, the carnival in Espirito Santos includes a large set of attractions, especially in the beach areas of the state, from north to south.

Minas Gerais[edit]

Carnival in Minas Gerais is often characterized by blocos carnavalescos with varying themes and costume styles, typically accompanied by a brass and drums band. The carnival has been heavily influenced by the Rio de Janeiro Carnival, and several cities hold parades with samba schools. More recently, Axé groups from Bahia come to play in the state.
The most traditional carnival parades happen in the historic cities of Ouro Preto, Mariana, São João del Rei, and Diamantina.
Since the 2010s, the carnival in the state capital Belo Horizonte has increased heavily in popularity,
Other cities in the state, such as Juiz de Fora, Abaeté, Pompéu, and Três Pontas, also have popular parades.

Ouro Preto is popular among college students. The city has a large proportion of students, who during the year live in places called Repúblicas (a Brazilian equivalent to a frat house). During carnival, the Repúblicas turn to affordable accommodation for both residents and visitors coming from all over the country. The city hills, narrow streets, and stone pavement prevent traffic of heavy sound trucks.^[25]
Zé Pereira dos Lacaios, the oldest carnival block in Brazil with more than 150 years, parade in the city.

The first carnival party in Belo Horizonte happened in 1897, even before the inauguration of the city.^{[citation needed]}
Still, for decades the carnival in the city was not as popular as in historical cities.
Only in the 2010s the situation has changed, and the carnival started gaining increasing popularity.
In 2017, Belo Horizonte had the largest carnival in its history and the third-largest in Brazil. There were more than three million people on the streets, with about 500,00 tourists.^[26] The Baianas Ozadas block hit a record audience of 500,000 people.

Juiz de Fora had one of the three largest carnivals in Brazil in the 1980s. But it has been steadily losing popularity. A deadlock between the league of local samba schools (LIESJUF) and the municipality’s culture agency (Funalfa) ^[27] prevented parades in the city since 2016. As a temporary solution, the parades have been held at Intendente Magalhães.^[28]

Others[edit]

Some Southern cities such as Uruguaiana, Florianópolis, and Porto Alegre have smaller samba school groups or blocos, but like São Paulo state towns, they seem to prefer balls to street dancing. Curitiba hosts modest carnival celebrations similar to those of other Brazilian cities and events such as Curitiba Rock Festival and a carnival Zombie Walk, all supported by Cultural Foundation of Curitiba which operates under supervision of government of Curitiba.^{[29][30][31][32]}

Sambódromo[edit]

The Carnival parades in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo take place in their sambódromos, located close to the city center. In the Rio Sambódromo, the parades start at 20:00 or 21:00 (depending on the date) and end around 5:00 in the morning.^[33] The Rio de Janeiro Metro operates 24 hours during the main parade days.^[33]

Music[edit]

Samba[edit]

Originated in Rio de Janeiro between the end of the 19th century and the first years of the 20th century, the samba is still one of the most popular music styles of Brazil. From intimate samba-canções (samba songs) sung in bars to explosive drum parades performed during carnival, samba always evokes a warm and vibrant mood. In the 1930s, a group of musicians led by Ismael Silva founded in the neighborhood of Estácio de Sá the first samba school, Deixa Falar. They transformed the musical genre to make it fit better the carnival parade. In this decade, the radio spread the genre’s popularity all around the country, and with the support of the nationalist dictatorship of Getúlio Vargas, samba became Brazil’s «official music.»

In the following years, samba has developed in several directions, from the gentle samba-canção to the drum orchestras which make the soundtrack of carnival parade. One of these new styles was bossa nova, a musical movement initially spearheaded by young musicians and college students from Rio de Janeiro. It got increasingly popular over time, with the works of João Gilberto and Antonio Carlos Jobim. In the sixties, Brazil was politically divided, and the leftist musicians of bossa nova started to draw attention to the music made in the favelas. Many popular artists were discovered at this time. Names like Cartola, Nelson Cavaquinho, Velha Guarda da Portela, Zé Keti, and Clementina de Jesus recorded their first albums. In the seventies, the samba got back to radio. Composers and singers like Martinho da Vila, Clara Nunes, and Beth Carvalho dominated the hit parade.

In the beginning of the eighties, after having been sent to the underground due to styles like disco and Brazilian rock, Samba reappeared in the media with a musical movement created in the suburbs of Rio de Janeiro. It was the pagode, a renewed samba, with new instruments, like the banjo and the tantan, and a new language, more popular, filled with slang. The most popular names were Zeca Pagodinho, Almir Guineto, Grupo Fundo de Quintal, Jorge Aragão, and Jovelina Pérola Negra. Various samba schools have been founded throughout Brazil. A samba school combines the dancing and party fun of a night club with the gathering place of a social club and the community feeling of a volunteer group. During the spectacular Rio Carnival, famous samba schools parade in the Sambódromo.^[34]

Frevo[edit]

Frevo is a wide range of musical styles originating from Recife and Olinda, Pernambuco, Brazil, all of which are traditionally associated with Brazilian Carnival. The word frevo is said to come from frever, a misspeaking of the Portuguese word ferver (to boil). It is said that the sound of the frevo will make listeners and dancers to feel as they are boiling on the ground. The word frevo is normally used interchangeably either to mean the frevo music or the frevo dance.

The frevo music came first, which is carnival music played by brass or wind marching bands combined with parts of the samba school drumline. By the end of the 19th century, bands from the Brazilian Army regiments based in the city of Recife started a tradition of parading during the Carnival. Since the Carnival is originally linked to religion, they played religious procession marches and martial music, as well. A couple of regiments had famous bands that attracted many followers and it was just a matter of time to people start to compare one to another and cheer for their favorite bands. The two most famous bands were the Espanha (meaning Spain), whose conductor was of Spanish origin, and the 14, from the 14th regiment. The bands started to compete with each other and also started playing faster and faster, louder and louder.

Axé[edit]

Axé is not exactly about a style or musical movement, but rather about a useful brand name given to artists from Salvador who made music upon northeastern Brazilian, Caribbean, and African rhythms with a pop-rock twist, which helped them take over the Brazilian hit parades since 1992. Axé is a ritual greeting used in Candomblé and Umbanda religions, and means «good vibration.» The word music was attached to Axé, used as slang within the local music biz, by a journalist who intended to create a derogatory term for the pretentious dance-driven style.

As singer Daniela Mercury began her rise to stardom in Rio and São Paulo, anything coming from Salvador would be labeled Axé Music. Soon, the artists became oblivious to the derogatory origins of the term and started taking advantage of it. With the media pushing it forward, the soundtrack of Carnival in Salvador quickly spread over the country (through off-season Carnival shindigs), strengthening its industrial potentials and producing year-round hits along the 90s.

Tested within the height of Carnival heat, Axé songs have been commercially successful in Brazil throughout the past decade. The year 1998 was particularly fortunate for the artists from Bahia: together, Daniela Mercury, Claudia Leitte, Ivete Sangalo, Asa de Aguia, Chiclete com Banana, Araketu, Cheiro de Amor, and É o Tchan sold over 3.4 million records.^[36]

TV broadcasting[edit]

The Brazilian Carnival Parades were first broadcast in the late 1960s on television on Rede Globo, which brought the Rio celebrations live, bringing the celebrations to more people all over the nation. By the 1970s, color broadcasting and satellite transmissions made the broadcasts to be beamed to other parts of the nation in real-time, by then featuring the top schools under, since 1984 the Liga Independente das Escolas de Samba do Rio de Janeiro – also known as the Special Group (since 1990), and formerly under the Associação das Escolas de Samba da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro. The now-defunct Rede Manchete broadcast the event on several occasions and mounted a joint broadcast with Globo for the 1987 event.

Since 1991, Globo’s broadcast of the parades, now dubbed Globeleza, at the Sambodrome in Rio and São Paulo have become the center of national and international attention. Until 2017, fans of the samba schools on parade also expected to watch a short preview of the performances of the schools involved to be broadcast during the duration of the event. By 2018 lyric video style adverts appeared in their place, complete with the colours of the competing schools in attendance, featuring the lyrics of the songs to be performed by the schools.

Globo acquired also the rights to air the parade of samba schools of São Paulo in 1990, and victory parades there were later aired in other local TV channels. Parades belonging to the Access Group (5th Division) and the B Series schools in Rio were also broadcast on several TV stations and are still the case today (in 2015 Rede Record and NGT aired the parades of the lower-level schools). Since 2014, Globo also has full rights to the A Series (Rio) and Paulista parades, which were co-shared with the Viva Channel before its closure in 2015 (which aired lower-level parades and the victory parades of the two cities’ winning schools for the year) and regionally, RBS airs the Carnivals of Florianopólis and Porto Alegre, and since 2015, cable channel TVCOM display the gaucho parades in the south. The Rio parade can also be heard on radio and seen via online streaming as well (thru TVG Rio and from 2015 in G1, which offers an online live streaming of the victory parade). In 2023, Rede Bandeirantes took over the broadcasting rights for the A Series.

The Carnivals of Recife and Salvador are shown by Band since the early 2000s, and Band also holds broadcast rights for the victory parade. Both fall under the Band Folia brand. This is also the case for SBT which also broadcasts the events under the SBT Folia banner and is also, since recently, seen via live streaming on YouTube. Since 2008, Globo also has its own broadcast team and crew for the broadcasts of the late night Galo da Madrugada in Recife.

Twinning[edit]

• Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain; Since 1984, Rio de Janeiro is twinned with the city of Santa Cruz de Tenerife for the special link between the Carnival of Rio and the Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife.^[37][38][39]

See also[edit]

• Micareta, an off-season celebration similar to Carnival

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• (in English) Torcida Jovem School of Samba
• (in English) TV report about the Rio Carnival – BBC World News
• (in English) Street View of Rio Carnival 2012

Brazilian Carnaval
Devla Imperatrix Queen of Carnaval in Rio De Janeiro. Rio’s carnaval is the largest in the world according to Guinness World Records.[1]
Also called	Carnaval
Observed by	Brazilians, communities worldwide
Type	Cultural, Religious (Roman Catholicism) (Afro Candomblé)
Significance	Celebration prior to fasting season of Lent.
Begins	Friday before Ash Wednesday (51 days to Easter)
Ends	Ash Wednesday midday (46 days before Easter)
2022 date	Afternoon, February 25 – midday, March 2
2023 date	Afternoon, February 17 – midday, February 22
2024 date	Afternoon, February 9 – midday, February 14
2025 date	Afternoon, February 28 – midday, March 5
Frequency	annual
Related to	Carnival, Mardi Gras, Ash Wednesday, Lent

The Carnival of Brazil (Portuguese: Carnaval do Brasil, IPA: [kaʁnaˈvaw]) is an annual Brazilian festival held the Friday afternoon before Ash Wednesday at noon, which marks the beginning of Lent, the forty-day period before Easter. During Lent, Roman Catholics and some other Christians traditionally abstained from the consumption of meat and poultry, hence the term «carnival», from carnelevare, «to remove (literally, «raise») meat.»^[2]

Rhythm, participation, and costumes vary from one region of Brazil to another. In the southeastern cities of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, and Vitória, huge organized parades are led by samba schools. Those official parades are meant to be watched by the public, while minor parades (blocos) allowing public participation can be found in other cities, like Belo Horizonte,^[3] also in the southeastern region. The northeastern cities of Recife, Olinda, Salvador, and Porto Seguro have organized groups parading through streets, and public interacts directly with them. It is a six-day party where crowds follow the trios elétricos through the city streets, dancing and singing. Also in northeast, Olinda carnival features unique characteristics, heavily influenced by local folklore and cultural manifestations, such as Frevo and Maracatu.

The typical genres of music of Brazilian carnival are, in the Southeast Region in general, mostly cities of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo: the samba-enredo, the samba de bloco, the samba de embalo and the marchinha; and in the Northeast Region including Pernambuco (mostly cities of Olinda and Recife): frevo and maracatu, and Bahia (mostly the city of Salvador): samba-reggae, pagode (also a type of Samba) and the main genre axé music. These rhythms were mainly developed by Afro-brazlians and Pardos, incorporating and adapting many cultural influences, from the percussion beats of Africa to the military fanfares of Europe and iberian music in the use of instruments like pandeiro and cavaquinho.

Carnival is the most popular holiday in Brazil and has become an event of huge proportions.^[4][5][6][7] Except for industrial production, retail establishments such as malls, and carnival-related businesses, the country unifies completely for almost a week and festivities are intense, day and night, mainly in coastal cities.^[8] Rio de Janeiro’s carnival alone drew 4.9 million people in 2011, with 400,000 being foreigners.^[9]

Brazilian carnival in essence is a synthesis of European, indigenous, and Afro-Brazilian cultural influences, each group has played an important role in the development of the structure and aesthetic of the Brazilian carnival of today. For instance, the main rhythms used in carnival celebrations were developed by Afro-Brazilians and make use of European instruments like the cavaquinho and pandeiro to create melodies and arrangements, also the fantasies and costumes in the Brazilian carnival borrow concepts from the clothing of the natives, like the use of feathers and the tendency to use lighter pieces of clothing. Historically its origins can be traced to the Portuguese Age of Discoveries when their caravels passed regularly through Madeira, a territory which already celebrated emphatically its carnival season, and where they were loaded with goods but also people and their ludic and cultural expressions.^[10][11]

Disruptions[edit]

The Carnival was first suspended in 1912, following the death of the Baron of Rio Branco, at the time Brazilian Minister of External Relations. The mayor of Rio reportedly postponed all licenses for the Carnival associations, but despite this many residents still partied in the streets anyway.^[12] The Carnival went on as scheduled despite World War I and World War II, besides during Brazil’s military dictatorship, despite strict regulations.

The first disruption to the Carnival in 108 years took place in late September 2020 amid the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil, when the 2021 festival was cancelled.^[13][14] The next festival is scheduled for 26 February-2 March 2022, depending on the evolution of the epidemiological situation in the country.^[15]

By region[edit]

Rio de Janeiro[edit]

In the late 18th century, the «cordões» (literally «cords», laces or strings in Portuguese) combined with the «dança do coco» (literally «coconut dance» an Afro-Brazilian dance troupe form) were introduced in Rio de Janeiro. These were pageant groups that paraded through city avenues performing on instruments and dancing. Today they are known as Carnaval blocos (blocks), consisting of a group of people who dress in costumes or special T-shirts with themes and/or logos. Blocos are generally associated with particular neighbourhoods; they include both a percussion or music group and an entourage of revelers. They eventually became the «fathers» of what everyone today knows as the famous and internationally renowned samba-schools in Brazil. Samba-schools (not only in Rio de Janeiro, but in São Paulo and several other cities) are the cultural epicenter of the Brazilian carnival, in terms of the «parading style». The first registered samba-school was called «Deixa-falar», but disappeared later and the first official samba-school contest happened in 1929, with only three groups, and «Oswaldo Cruz» group won the competition, with a samba written by Heitor dos Prazeres. GRES Estação Primeira de Mangueira Samba-School, represented by Cartola, and Estácio de Sá samba School, represented by Ismael Silva, were the other 2 contestants. Eventually, «Oswaldo Cruz» became Portela Samba School, the greatest winner of Rio’s Carnival with 22 Titles. Although many Brazilians tend now to favor other forms of national music culture to that of Rio’s samba schools, the carnival of Rio de Janeiro remains the national festival par excellence, and the samba of Rio de Janeiro continues to be an agent of national unification.^[16]

Carnaval blocos, also known as Blocos de Rua («Street Blocks») occur in nearly every neighborhood throughout the city and metropolitan areas, but the most famous are the ones in Copacabana, Ipanema, Leblon, Lagoa, Jardim Botânico, and in downtown Rio. Organizers often compose their own music themes that are added to the performance and singing of classic «marchinhas» and samba popular songs. «Cordão do bola preta» («Polka Dot Bloco»), that goes through the heart of Rio’s historical center, and «Suvaco do Cristo» (‘Armpit of Christ the Redeemer’, referring to the angle of the statue seen from the neighborhood), near the Botanical Garden, are some of the most famous groups. Monobloco has become so famous that it plays all year round at parties and small concerts.

The formalized samba schools are very small groups of performers, financed by respected organizations (as well as legal gambling groups), who work year-round in preparation for Carnival. Samba Schools perform in the Sambadrome, which runs four entire nights and is overseen by LIESA.^[17] They are part of an official competition, divided into seven divisions, in which a single school is declared the winner, according to ten judging categories^[18] that include costume, flow, theme, and band music quality and performance. Some samba schools also hold street parties in their neighborhoods, through which they parade along with their followers.

All performers at the Sambadrome have to wear a costume. Some honored members of the school or community may receive one for free, but normally, most will have to pay for their own.^[19] Tourists can have the same experience on the «Commercial Area» of some Samba Schools but need to buy their own costume from the school, or through an agent, either of which can be quite costly.^[20]

Bahia[edit]

There are several major differences between Carnival in the state of Bahia in Northeastern Brazil and Carnival in Rio de Janeiro. The musical styles are different at each carnival; in Bahia there are many rhythms, including samba, samba-reggae, axé, etc., while in Rio there is the multitude of samba styles: the «samba-enredo», the «samba de bloco», the «samba de embalo», the «funk-samba», as well as the famous «marchinhas» played by the «bandas» in the streets.

In the 1880s, the black population commemorated the days of Carnival in its own way, highly marked by Yoruba characteristics, dancing in the streets playing instruments. This form was thought of as «primitive» by the upper-class white elite, and the groups were banned from participating in the official Bahia Carnival, dominated by the local conservative elite. The groups defied the ban and continued to do their dances.

By the 1970s, four main types of carnival groups developed in Bahia: Afoxês, Trios Elétricos, «Amerindian» groups, and Blocos Afros. Afoxês use the rhythms of the African inspired religion, Candomblé. They also worship the gods of Candomblé, called orixás. An Electric Trio is characterized by a truck equipped with giant speakers and a platform where musicians play songs of local genres such as axé. People follow the trucks singing and dancing. The «Amerindian» groups were inspired by Western movies from the United States. The groups dress up as Native Americans and take on Native American names. Blocos Afros, or Afro groups, were influenced by the Black Pride Movement in the United States, independence movements in Africa, and reggae music that denounced racism and oppression. The groups inspired a renewed pride in African heritage.^[21]

Today, Bahia’s carnival consists mostly of Trios Elétricos, but there are still Blocos Afros and Afoxês. Every year, about half a million tourists are attracted to Salvador. It is also possible to watch everything from the Camarotes (ringside seats) spread out along the way, offering more comfort to the visitors.

Pernambuco[edit]

The northeast state of Pernambuco has unique Carnivals in its present capital Recife and in its colonial capital Olinda. Their main rhythms are the frevo and the maracatu. Galo da Madrugada is the biggest carnival parade in the world, considering the number of participants, according The Guinness Book of World Records. It means «dawn’s rooster» and parades, as the name suggests, in the morning only. Frevo is Pernambucan-style dance with African and acrobatic influences, as it is fast and electrifying, often using an open umbrella and frequent legs and arms movements.

Unlike Salvador and Rio, the festivities in Recife, Olinda and Itamaraca do not include group competitions. Instead, groups dance and play instruments side by side. Troças and maracatus, mostly of African influence, begin one week before Carnival and end a week later.

São Paulo[edit]

The carnival in São Paulo takes place in the Anhembi Sambadrome on the Friday and Saturday night of the week of Carnival, as opposed to Rio’s Carnival, which is held on Sunday and Monday night.

Various «samba schools» compete in a huge parade. Each school presents a different theme, which they expose through their costumes, dance, music, and the allegorical cars or «carros alegóricos«, huge vehicles decorated according to the theme designed specifically for the parade. The schools are responsible for choosing their own themes, which usually revolve around historical happenings or some sort of cultural or political movement.

Vai-Vai is the oldest school and has been the Special Group champion most times (15 total, including the 2015 championship). It also is the most popular, for it has a larger fan base and many supporters among the people of the city.

São Paulo has usurped Rio de Janeiro as the Brazilian city with the largest and most diverse Carnival in Brazil.^[22] It is also the most LGBTQ+ friendly Carnival in Brazil.^[23] In 2017, the Sexual Diversity Museum of São Paulo formed its own Carnival group to provide the message of inclusion, peace, and respect for all LGBT people.^[23] In 2020, São Paulo Carnival has featured Camilla Prins, the first transgender woman to lead a samba school in any Carnival event in Brazil.^[24]

Espírito Santo[edit]

The Carnival in Vitória are performed one week before Carnival, more precisely in Sambão do Povo. The schools are responsible for choosing their own themes, which usually revolve around historical happenings or some sort of cultural or political movement.

More than the traditional school parade, the carnival in Espirito Santos includes a large set of attractions, especially in the beach areas of the state, from north to south.

Minas Gerais[edit]

Carnival in Minas Gerais is often characterized by blocos carnavalescos with varying themes and costume styles, typically accompanied by a brass and drums band. The carnival has been heavily influenced by the Rio de Janeiro Carnival, and several cities hold parades with samba schools. More recently, Axé groups from Bahia come to play in the state.
The most traditional carnival parades happen in the historic cities of Ouro Preto, Mariana, São João del Rei, and Diamantina.
Since the 2010s, the carnival in the state capital Belo Horizonte has increased heavily in popularity,
Other cities in the state, such as Juiz de Fora, Abaeté, Pompéu, and Três Pontas, also have popular parades.

Ouro Preto is popular among college students. The city has a large proportion of students, who during the year live in places called Repúblicas (a Brazilian equivalent to a frat house). During carnival, the Repúblicas turn to affordable accommodation for both residents and visitors coming from all over the country. The city hills, narrow streets, and stone pavement prevent traffic of heavy sound trucks.^[25]
Zé Pereira dos Lacaios, the oldest carnival block in Brazil with more than 150 years, parade in the city.

The first carnival party in Belo Horizonte happened in 1897, even before the inauguration of the city.^{[citation needed]}
Still, for decades the carnival in the city was not as popular as in historical cities.
Only in the 2010s the situation has changed, and the carnival started gaining increasing popularity.
In 2017, Belo Horizonte had the largest carnival in its history and the third-largest in Brazil. There were more than three million people on the streets, with about 500,00 tourists.^[26] The Baianas Ozadas block hit a record audience of 500,000 people.

Juiz de Fora had one of the three largest carnivals in Brazil in the 1980s. But it has been steadily losing popularity. A deadlock between the league of local samba schools (LIESJUF) and the municipality’s culture agency (Funalfa) ^[27] prevented parades in the city since 2016. As a temporary solution, the parades have been held at Intendente Magalhães.^[28]

Others[edit]

Some Southern cities such as Uruguaiana, Florianópolis, and Porto Alegre have smaller samba school groups or blocos, but like São Paulo state towns, they seem to prefer balls to street dancing. Curitiba hosts modest carnival celebrations similar to those of other Brazilian cities and events such as Curitiba Rock Festival and a carnival Zombie Walk, all supported by Cultural Foundation of Curitiba which operates under supervision of government of Curitiba.^{[29][30][31][32]}

Sambódromo[edit]

The Carnival parades in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo take place in their sambódromos, located close to the city center. In the Rio Sambódromo, the parades start at 20:00 or 21:00 (depending on the date) and end around 5:00 in the morning.^[33] The Rio de Janeiro Metro operates 24 hours during the main parade days.^[33]

Music[edit]

Samba[edit]

Originated in Rio de Janeiro between the end of the 19th century and the first years of the 20th century, the samba is still one of the most popular music styles of Brazil. From intimate samba-canções (samba songs) sung in bars to explosive drum parades performed during carnival, samba always evokes a warm and vibrant mood. In the 1930s, a group of musicians led by Ismael Silva founded in the neighborhood of Estácio de Sá the first samba school, Deixa Falar. They transformed the musical genre to make it fit better the carnival parade. In this decade, the radio spread the genre’s popularity all around the country, and with the support of the nationalist dictatorship of Getúlio Vargas, samba became Brazil’s «official music.»

In the following years, samba has developed in several directions, from the gentle samba-canção to the drum orchestras which make the soundtrack of carnival parade. One of these new styles was bossa nova, a musical movement initially spearheaded by young musicians and college students from Rio de Janeiro. It got increasingly popular over time, with the works of João Gilberto and Antonio Carlos Jobim. In the sixties, Brazil was politically divided, and the leftist musicians of bossa nova started to draw attention to the music made in the favelas. Many popular artists were discovered at this time. Names like Cartola, Nelson Cavaquinho, Velha Guarda da Portela, Zé Keti, and Clementina de Jesus recorded their first albums. In the seventies, the samba got back to radio. Composers and singers like Martinho da Vila, Clara Nunes, and Beth Carvalho dominated the hit parade.

In the beginning of the eighties, after having been sent to the underground due to styles like disco and Brazilian rock, Samba reappeared in the media with a musical movement created in the suburbs of Rio de Janeiro. It was the pagode, a renewed samba, with new instruments, like the banjo and the tantan, and a new language, more popular, filled with slang. The most popular names were Zeca Pagodinho, Almir Guineto, Grupo Fundo de Quintal, Jorge Aragão, and Jovelina Pérola Negra. Various samba schools have been founded throughout Brazil. A samba school combines the dancing and party fun of a night club with the gathering place of a social club and the community feeling of a volunteer group. During the spectacular Rio Carnival, famous samba schools parade in the Sambódromo.^[34]

Frevo[edit]

Frevo is a wide range of musical styles originating from Recife and Olinda, Pernambuco, Brazil, all of which are traditionally associated with Brazilian Carnival. The word frevo is said to come from frever, a misspeaking of the Portuguese word ferver (to boil). It is said that the sound of the frevo will make listeners and dancers to feel as they are boiling on the ground. The word frevo is normally used interchangeably either to mean the frevo music or the frevo dance.

The frevo music came first, which is carnival music played by brass or wind marching bands combined with parts of the samba school drumline. By the end of the 19th century, bands from the Brazilian Army regiments based in the city of Recife started a tradition of parading during the Carnival. Since the Carnival is originally linked to religion, they played religious procession marches and martial music, as well. A couple of regiments had famous bands that attracted many followers and it was just a matter of time to people start to compare one to another and cheer for their favorite bands. The two most famous bands were the Espanha (meaning Spain), whose conductor was of Spanish origin, and the 14, from the 14th regiment. The bands started to compete with each other and also started playing faster and faster, louder and louder.

Axé[edit]

Axé is not exactly about a style or musical movement, but rather about a useful brand name given to artists from Salvador who made music upon northeastern Brazilian, Caribbean, and African rhythms with a pop-rock twist, which helped them take over the Brazilian hit parades since 1992. Axé is a ritual greeting used in Candomblé and Umbanda religions, and means «good vibration.» The word music was attached to Axé, used as slang within the local music biz, by a journalist who intended to create a derogatory term for the pretentious dance-driven style.

As singer Daniela Mercury began her rise to stardom in Rio and São Paulo, anything coming from Salvador would be labeled Axé Music. Soon, the artists became oblivious to the derogatory origins of the term and started taking advantage of it. With the media pushing it forward, the soundtrack of Carnival in Salvador quickly spread over the country (through off-season Carnival shindigs), strengthening its industrial potentials and producing year-round hits along the 90s.

Tested within the height of Carnival heat, Axé songs have been commercially successful in Brazil throughout the past decade. The year 1998 was particularly fortunate for the artists from Bahia: together, Daniela Mercury, Claudia Leitte, Ivete Sangalo, Asa de Aguia, Chiclete com Banana, Araketu, Cheiro de Amor, and É o Tchan sold over 3.4 million records.^[36]

TV broadcasting[edit]

The Brazilian Carnival Parades were first broadcast in the late 1960s on television on Rede Globo, which brought the Rio celebrations live, bringing the celebrations to more people all over the nation. By the 1970s, color broadcasting and satellite transmissions made the broadcasts to be beamed to other parts of the nation in real-time, by then featuring the top schools under, since 1984 the Liga Independente das Escolas de Samba do Rio de Janeiro – also known as the Special Group (since 1990), and formerly under the Associação das Escolas de Samba da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro. The now-defunct Rede Manchete broadcast the event on several occasions and mounted a joint broadcast with Globo for the 1987 event.

Since 1991, Globo’s broadcast of the parades, now dubbed Globeleza, at the Sambodrome in Rio and São Paulo have become the center of national and international attention. Until 2017, fans of the samba schools on parade also expected to watch a short preview of the performances of the schools involved to be broadcast during the duration of the event. By 2018 lyric video style adverts appeared in their place, complete with the colours of the competing schools in attendance, featuring the lyrics of the songs to be performed by the schools.

Globo acquired also the rights to air the parade of samba schools of São Paulo in 1990, and victory parades there were later aired in other local TV channels. Parades belonging to the Access Group (5th Division) and the B Series schools in Rio were also broadcast on several TV stations and are still the case today (in 2015 Rede Record and NGT aired the parades of the lower-level schools). Since 2014, Globo also has full rights to the A Series (Rio) and Paulista parades, which were co-shared with the Viva Channel before its closure in 2015 (which aired lower-level parades and the victory parades of the two cities’ winning schools for the year) and regionally, RBS airs the Carnivals of Florianopólis and Porto Alegre, and since 2015, cable channel TVCOM display the gaucho parades in the south. The Rio parade can also be heard on radio and seen via online streaming as well (thru TVG Rio and from 2015 in G1, which offers an online live streaming of the victory parade). In 2023, Rede Bandeirantes took over the broadcasting rights for the A Series.

The Carnivals of Recife and Salvador are shown by Band since the early 2000s, and Band also holds broadcast rights for the victory parade. Both fall under the Band Folia brand. This is also the case for SBT which also broadcasts the events under the SBT Folia banner and is also, since recently, seen via live streaming on YouTube. Since 2008, Globo also has its own broadcast team and crew for the broadcasts of the late night Galo da Madrugada in Recife.

Twinning[edit]

• Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain; Since 1984, Rio de Janeiro is twinned with the city of Santa Cruz de Tenerife for the special link between the Carnival of Rio and the Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife.^[37][38][39]

See also[edit]

• Micareta, an off-season celebration similar to Carnival

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• (in English) Torcida Jovem School of Samba
• (in English) TV report about the Rio Carnival – BBC World News
• (in English) Street View of Rio Carnival 2012

Представляем вашему вниманию праздники в Бразилии!

Основными праздниками в Бразилии в 2020 году будут следующие:

Новый год (нац.пр., 1 января), Карнавал (21-26 февраля), Международный женский день (8 марта), Страстная пятница (нац.пр., 10 апреля), Пасха (12 апреля), День Тирадентиса (нац. пр., 21 апреля), День труда (нац. пр., 1 мая), День матери (второе воскресенье мая), Корпус-Кристи (21 мая), День влюблённых (12 июня), День отца (второе воскресенье августа), День независимости (нац.пр., 7 сентября), День Девы Марии Апаресиды (12 октября), День всех душ (2 ноября), День провозглашения Республики (нац. пр.,15 ноября), День Сознания Чёрнокожих (20 ноября), Сочельник (доп. пр., 24 декабря), Рождество (нац.пр., 25 декабря), Канун Нового года (с 2 часов дня доп. пр., 31 декабря).

Вот некоторые из праздников Бразилии!

1. Новый год (1 января)

Новогодний праздник в Бразилии известен, в первую очередь, своими пышными пляжными вечеринками и ослепительными фейерверками. Самые большие проводятся в столице страны, в Рио-де-Жанейро. Подготовка к новогодним вечеринкам начинается за день до дня празднования.

Особые усилия прилагаются к созданию фейерверков, которые запускаются ровно в полночь. Фейерверк-шоу обычно длятся в течение получаса. В это время люди желают друг другу удачи в наступающем году. Затем следует ужин, на котором подают бразильские национальные блюда, такие как рис, курица, фарофа, салаты и мусс марахука на блюде.

В крупных бразильских городах выступление популярных музыкантов, танцевальные представления и специальные художественные шоу являются основными моментами новогоднего праздника.

И хотя до главного карнавала ещё есть время, некоторые бразильцы на Новый год одеваются в яркие одежды, гуляют по улицам, поют и танцуют под звуки традиционной музыки самба, фрево, форро, пагода, топор и т. д.
Новый год в Бразилии — это ещё праздник, отмечать который приезжают сюда люди из разных уголков мира. Местные пляжи, пабы, залы для вечеринок, клубы и даже дороги переполнены местными жителями и туристами.

Читать статью: «Как в Бразилии празднуют Новый год?»

2. Карнавал (2020 год, 21 — 26 февраля)

Бразильский карнавал в Рио-де-Жанейро — это предмет для национальной гордости как для участников, а также и для всех жителей страны! А для миллионов туристов — это возможность насладиться бразильской культурой и ощутить, в полной мере «жизнелюбивый дух народа Бразилии»!

Главным действом на карнавале в Рио-де-Жанейро являются парады самбы на самбадроме, которые обычно начинаются около 10 или 11 часов вечера и заканчиваются в 6 или 7 часов на следующее утро. Парады школ самбы — это высоко поставленные умопомрачительные зрелища. Каждая школа выбирает тему, а затем раскрывает её через свои костюмы, поплавки, танцоров и музыку.

«Школы Рио-Самба» проводят целый год, готовясь к соревнованиям на карнавале. Каждая школа самбы имеет около 5000 участников, которые выступают на парадах, поют, танцуют, играют на ударных инструментах перед аудиторией в 90 000 зрителей и под наблюдением коллегии из 40 судей.

Костюмы для парадов шьются в течение года. Они покрыты бисером, блёстками и перьями. На их изготовление уходят месяцы труда… Самыми запоминающимися, помимо костюмов, на бразильском карнавале являются бразильские танцовщицы самбы, на которых наблюдается минимальное количество одежды. Они демонстрируют отточенное мастерство при исполнении танцев, а также идеальные фигуры. Девушки много репетируют и с гордостью представляют свои школы самбы.

Читать статью: «Карнавал в Рио-де-Жанейро»

3. Страстная Пятница и Пасха (2020 год, 10, 12 апреля)

В день Пасхи по всей Бразилии устраиваются праздничные шествия, посвящённые воскресению Господа Иисуса Христа.

Торжества проходят по всей стране, однако празднование Пасхи в Ору-Прету в Минас-Жерайсе является одним из самых известных и красочных в Бразилии, проводящемся здесь с 1733 года. В Ору-Прету люди создают красочные ковры с древесной стружкой, мукой, кофе, цветами и другими элементами в ночь перед пасхальным воскресеньем, чтобы процессия могла идти дальше. Украшения начинаются в субботу вечером перед Пасхой. В это время дети, одетые в белое, поют религиозные песни.

Пасхальная воскресная процессия в Ору-Прету воссоздает историю спасения Иисуса. Горожане берут на себя библейские роли в пасхальном шествии. В 6 часов утра прихожане заполняют барочную церковь Святого Франциска Ассизского для пасхальной мессы, и толпы начинают собираться снаружи для процессии, которая воссоздает большую часть библейской истории спасения Иисуса.

В процессии участвуют алтарные служки с колокольчиками, ряженые члены братства, духовой оркестр, фигуры, представляющие десятки персонажей из Ветхого и Нового заветов. Процессия идёт вверх и вниз по покрытым ковром холмам, по извилистой дороге к базилике Богоматери Столповой. Сразу после шествия красивые опилки сметаются.

Отличным местом на Пасху является и историческая деревня Фазенда, где с 1950 года ставится знаменитый спектакль, посвящённый «страстям Христовым». Тысячи людей наблюдают, как добровольцы разыгрывают арест, суд и распятие Иисуса.

Читать статью: «Католическая Пасха в Бразилии»

4. День Тирадентиса (21 апреля)

Начиная с 19-го века, 21 апреля стали отмечать День Тирадентиса, как годовщину мученической смерти национального героя. А город Минас-Жерайс, который был центром движения за раннюю независимость Бразилии, в честь героя был назван Тирадентис. Там же была открыта церковь его имени.

Праздник Тирадентис отмечается каждый год 21 апреля в Бразилии. Этот день проводится в память о смерти Жоакина Жозе да Силвы Шавьер, также известного, как Тирадентис.

День Тирадентиса является государственным праздником в Бразилии. 21 апреля все правительственные учреждения, школы и банки закрыты. Государственные чиновники, занимающие высокие посты, отдают дань уважения национальному герою. Это происходит на Праса-Тирадентес (Рио-де-Жанейро), где находится дворец Тирадентис, названный в честь героя за независимость страны. За этим следует официальная правительственная речь, посвящённая мученичеству Тирадентиса.

В городке Тирадентис проходят шествия, ведущие к церкви, названной его именем. Большинство бразильцев на этот национальный праздник предпочитают проводить свой день дома или отправляться в путешествия.

Читать статью: «Про бразильский праздник Тирадентис»

5. День труда (1 мая)

День труда в Бразилии отмечается с 1895 года, когда Республика была уже учреждена и начинал процесс резкого развития промышленности. В первые два десятилетия XX века начали формироваться движения рабочих, особенно в Сан-Паулу и в Рио-де-Жанейро.
Однако только 26 сентября 1924 года эта дата стала официальным днём бразильского рабочего, согласно декрету Артура да Силвы Бернардеса. В этом декрете Артур Бернардес установил дату, как национальный праздник, который должен быть посвящён людям труда и солидарности рабочего класса.

Однако в 1930-х и 1940-х годах президент Жетулиу Варгас начал использовать эту дату для пропаганды создания законов и трудовых льгот. Так 1 мая 1940 года президент он ввёл минимальную заработную плату. 1 мая 1941 года был создан суд по трудовым спорам для решения юридических вопросов, непосредственно связанных с трудовыми отношениями и правами трудящихся. Жетулиу Варгас также создал ЦПТ (Консолидация законов работы), которая была учреждена посредством Декрета от 1 Мая 1943 года.

Протестный характер 1 Мая был оставлен в стороне, хотя Варгас продолжал называть эту дату Днём весны и труда в Бразилии. Во время правления Варгас проводились огромные демонстрации, которые включали в себя музыку, парады и, как правило, объявление о каком-нибудь новом трудовом законодательстве. Даже сегодня, некоторые правительства придерживаются этой традиции, и поэтому объявляют в этот день об увеличение минимальной заработной платы.

В настоящее время День труда — национальный праздник в Бразилии. В первый день мая, по всей стране проводятся демонстрации, шествия, выставки и другие мероприятия, организованные профсоюзами. Основные требования касаются повышение заработной платы, улучшения условий труда и доступа к некоторым правам.

Все государственные рабочие на День труда (1 мая) в Бразилии получают выходной день. Большинство предприятий закрываются в День труда, чтобы поучаствовать в демонстрациях и отпраздновать это событие. Многие просто наслаждаются приятным выходным днём и планируют весёлые вечеринки с друзьями или семьёй.

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6. День влюблённых (12 июня)

День святого Валентина в Бразилии называется Диа-Дос-Наморадос (Dia dos Namorados), что переводится как «День влюблённых». Диа-Дос-Наморадос празднуется 12 июня из-за его близости ко Дню святого Антония 13 июня. Этот святой известен в Бразилии тем, что он благословлял молодые пары на благополучный брак.

Причина, по которой традиционный День всех влюблённых не отмечается в Бразилии 14 февраля, связана с проведением в это время знаменитого Бразильского карнавала. А он является одним из крупнейших бразильских празднеств.

К Дню влюблённых в Бразилии готовятся заранее. Примерно за неделю до события улицы освещаются огнями. Шоу и концерты проводятся повсеместно. Танцы в Бразилии являются неотъемлемым элементом торжеств, особенно красочный танец самба.
Ночные увеселительные заведения, включая пабы и дискотеки, в крупных бразильских городах не закрываются до утра. Многие молодые бразильцы именно там отмечают День влюблённых. Другие бразильцы День влюблённых празднуют в кругу родных и близких. Здесь готовят специальные застолья с танцами, на которые приглашаются друзья.

Известный бразильский рекламодатель однажды создал рекламу, в которой говорилось: «Не только поцелуи доказывают твою любовь». И с тех пор жители Бразилии отмечают День святого Валентина с таким же настроением. Они обмениваются подарками со своими возлюбленными, а также со своими близкими. По этому случаю, как правило, молодые пары обмениваются цветами и шоколадными конфетами.

Вообще День влюблённых в этой стране — это громадный опыт для страстных любовников и романтиков. Они устраивают грандиозный ужин, который может быть домашним или в ресторане. Фигурой и силуэтом Купидона 12 июня часто обмениваются влюблённые пары. Обмен поздравительными открытками между супружескими парами — ещё одна традиция, связанная с празднованием Дня святого Валентина в Бразилии.

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7. День независимости ( 7 сентября)

День Независимости является государственным праздником в Бразилии и всегда отмечается 7 сентября. Он также известен как «7 сентября» или «Национальный день». Дата посвящена событиям, произошедшим в 1822 году, когда Педру де Алькантара, 23-летний сын португальского короля, провозгласил независимость от Португалии.

7 сентября принц Педру стоял у бразильской реки Ипиранга, где и объявил о независимости. Он сорвал с мундира португальский символ и провозгласил: «Клянусь своей кровью, своей честью и Богом, я сделаю Бразилию свободной».
После этого Педру стал императором Бразилии и вынудил португальские войска покинуть Бразилию. Бразилия стала республикой 15 ноября 1889 года. Однако она сохранила 7 сентября в качестве дня своей независимости. День Независимости является федеральным праздником в Бразилии с 1949 года.

В Бразилиа (столице Бразилии) этот день отмечается на эспланаде министерств военным парадом в присутствии президента. В этот день многие политические лидеры появляются на публичных мероприятиях и говорят о национальном наследии, законах, истории, народе, о недавних событиях и будущих проектах.

Все бразильцы имеют право на выходной в День Независимости, за исключением некоторых работников экстренной службы. День независимости считается публичным днём с прогулками, пикниками и множеством мероприятий на открытом воздухе, таких как парады, авиашоу, фейерверки и музыкальные концерты. Парады обычно происходят утром, а фейерверки — вечером. Тысячи бразильцев собираются вместе, празднуя этот день с транспарантами, воздушными шарами и серпантинами. Они гордо машут своим флагом, поют песни и наслаждаются праздником со своими друзьями и семьями.

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8. День Девы Марии Апаресиды (12 октября)

День Девы Марии Апаресиды является национальным праздником в Бразилии с 1980 года. Известный как «Носса Сеньора де Апаресида», он почитает покровительницу Бразилии. В честь Марии проводится десятидневный фестиваль в городе близ Сан-Паулу, который носит ее имя.

Каждый год бразильцы берут на себя смелость праздновать и воздавать дань уважения покровительнице Бразилии, Богоматери Апаресиды. Это главный религиозный обряд для католиков, которые в этот день часто совершают паломничество в Базилику Богоматери Апаресидской.

В день Богоматери более 150 000 верующих посетят святую, поблагодарят её за благословения и исполнят обещания. Некоторые из верующих объединяются в группы, чтобы отправиться в базилику Богоматери Апаресиды, совершая религиозные паломничества, называемые ромариями.

Есть группы, которые идут пешком или верхом, и путешествуют на большие расстояния до города Апаресида, где находится базилика. И, естественно, католические церкви совершают множество месс в честь святой покровительницы Бразилии.

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9. День провозглашения Республики (15 ноября)

День Республики в Бразилии — это государственный праздник, который отмечается каждый год 15 ноября. Это празднование конца Бразильской империи и провозглашения Бразилии Республикой в 1889 году. С тех пор бразильское правительство и народ отмечают День Республики Бразилия. Этот день празднуют все бразильцы, потому что, до обретения свободы, народ имел дело с рабством. Жители страны отмечают провозглашение Республики, потому что демократия предоставила возможности для всех.

В этот день в Бразилии сотрудники учреждений и студенты получают отгулы. Многие люди остаются дома и наслаждаются свободным временем со своими друзьями и семьями. Национальный флаг Бразилии поднят по всей стране. На улицах городов, по всей стране, проходят парады и концерты. За этим следует череда встреч и торжеств  с участием общественных деятелей.

В День Республики в Бразилии огромное количество людей, молодых и старых, мужчин и женщин, можно увидеть на улицах городов, принимающих участие в традиционных танцах и песнях. В этих торжествах есть ощущение победы и свободы. Народ Бразилии очень гордится своей страной, и День Республики оказывается для него прекрасной возможностью устроить большое шоу.

10. День Сознания Чернокожих (20 ноября)

Национальный День Сознания Чернокожих (Dia Nacional da Consciência Negra) является праздником, который проходит 20 ноября. Праздник посвящён размышлениям о включении чернокожих, которые составляют примерно половину населения страны, в бразильское общество.

А также это делается с целью почтить культурное наследие и традиции чернокожего населения Бразилии. Неделя, на которую этот день выпадает, называется «Неделя Чёрного сознания» (Consciência Семана негра). На повестке дня стоят беседы с активистами, выступления братств, концерты, театрализованные представления и другие культурные мероприятия.

Чернокожие организации «Квиломбо раса и класс», «Квиломбо Бразилия», «Мокибом», «движение народной борьбы» и другие возглавляют Марш бедных кварталов, чтобы бороться за права чернокожих, в частности за возмещение ущерба за историческое угнетение.

Некоторые организации организуют лекции и образовательные мероприятия, ориентированные главным образом на чернокожих детей. Они стремятся предотвратить развитие заниженной самооценки, то есть неполноценности в социуме.
Другие темы, которые обсуждаются чернокожим сообществом, — это труд для чернокожих, квоты университетов, дискриминационные действия со стороны полиции, мода и красота и т.д.

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11. Рождество (25 декабря)

В канун Рождества католики в Бразилии посещают полуночную мессу в церкви, известную как «Мисса-ду-Гало» (Missa de Gallo) или «Месса петуха». Ей было дано такое название, потому что именно петух возвещал о завершении мессы. Она обычно заканчивалась в предрассветные часы.

Несмотря на то, что эта традиция всё еще сохраняется в Бразилии, такие места, как Рио-Гранде-де-Норте, Параиба и Алагоас отказались от неё из-за высокого уровня преступности в стране и ради безопасности женщин.

В настоящее время большинство бразильцев, особенно католики, ходят на полуночную мессу, которая, как правило, заканчивается примерно в 1.00 ночи. После мессы часто бывают большие фейерверки, а в больших городах имеются большие рождественские ёлочные дисплеи из электрических огней. Некоторые бразильцы предпочитают посещать более ранние рождественские мессы, для того, чтобы насладиться рождественским ужином или пойти на вечеринки.

Семьи собираются и предаются большому празднику. Еда обычно подается около 9 или 10 вечера. Есть множество местных продуктов, из которых готовятся традиционные рождественские блюда. Это свежие овощи, жареная индейка или свинина, рыба, экзотические фрукты, бразильский ореховый пирог, шоколадный торт, холодный картофельный салат, красочный рис, немецкий «Штоллен» и итальянский «Панетоне». Также часто на стол здесь подают пиво и вино.

Ровно в полночь люди приветствуют друг друга, произносят тост, желая всем счастливого Рождества, и после этого они обменяются подарками.

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Вот так отмечаются праздники в Бразилии! Про праздники США читайте здесь…

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