Сценарий это пьеса

Работа по теме: замысел режиссера. Глава: 2. Особенности, отличия и общее сценария и пьесы. ВУЗ: СПбГИК.

Сценарий
театрализованного праздника и пьесы —
безусловно, не тождественны — они имеют
свои отличительные признаки и характерные
особенности. Однако между ними есть и
нечто общее. Последовательно рассмотрим
различия между данными понятиями.

Любой
сценарий — явление драматургическое.
Неотъемлемая и обязательная особенность
драматургии — наличие конфликта, т.к.
именно он является источником действия.
Конфликт — столкновение сторон, мнений,
сил, непорядок, некое разногласие.
Конфликт в пьесе и в сценарии — главная
сила, пружина, движущая развитие действия;
основное средство раскрытия характеров.
В выборе конфликта, характере его
разрешения и осмысления реализуется
позиция, концепция драматурга,
художественная идея пьесы или сценария.
В пьесе конфликт всегда явно выражен,
он очевиден. Конфликт же в сценарии
обнаружить сложнее — он может быть
выражен имплицитно. Однако его наличие
в сценарии — неоспоримо. Надо сказать,
что попытки исключить конфликт из
«перечня» обязательных элементов
сценария театрализованного представления
обречены на неудачу. Такие попытки
возникают из-за непонимания природы
драматургии.

Продолжая
разговор о драматургии, необходимо
сказать несколько слов о «праздничной
драматургии». В сценарии праздника
присутствуют элементы драматургии, в
частности в его основе лежит действие,
источником которого является конфликт.
Также сценарий праздника подчиняется
законам композиции. Однако здесь сценарий
праздника и театрализованного
представления, как пишет Д.Н. Аль «строится
на иных началах, чем пьеса для театра
или даже сценарий художественного
игрового фильма. Его публицистическая
задача обычно предполагает изображение
значительных социальных событий не
через частный конфликт конкретных
героев, а по принципу эпического отражения
социального конфликта в его масштабном
значении. Это ничуть не противоречит
тому, что носителями крупномасштабных
социальных конфликтов в сценариях
массовых представлений выступают
конкретные исторические герои, конкретные,
порой хорошо известные зрителям люди».
Аль Д.Н. Основы драматургии. Л., 1988, с 55.
Таким образом, различие сценария и пьесы
— в масштабности.

Следующий
аспект, в котором намечается различие
сценария и пьесы — воздействие на
эмоциональное сознание зрителя. Праздник
по своей природе — нечто позитивное.
Именно поэтому, просмотр театрализованного
праздника вызывает по большей части
положительные эмоции (безусловно, не
во всех случаях, эмоции только положительны
— это зависит от характера праздника,
его тематики). Пьеса воздействует на
психоэмоциональную сферу сознания
человека сильнее, в том плане, что может
вызвать большее количество самых разных
эмоциональных проявлений. Драматургия
праздника — это драматургия плаката,
она не имеет такого широкого набора
психологических нюансировок. Явность,
открытость, выраженность идейной позиции
массового театрализованного действа
предполагает монументальную плакатность.
Это отнюдь не означает, что сценарий
лишен психологического содержания (об
этом уже говорилось выше).

Едва
ли не самым существенным различием
между сценарием и пьесой является
различие в актуальности, временной
принадлежности. Любые произведения
искусства (к которым мы относим и пьесу)
— универсальны, рассчитаны на использование
во времени. Сценарий же праздника по
своей природе «однодневен», «сиюминутен».
Это происходит потому, что сценарий
максимально приближен к реальной
ситуации, к определённому моменту
действительности. Он всегда ориентирован
на конкретное время и место действия,
на конкретную аудиторию. Таким образом,
сценарий, в отличие от пьесы, актуален
только здесь и сейчас. Драматургия
праздника — драматургия сегодняшнего
дня, сила которой в органическом единстве
с жизнью человека, в неразрывной связи
с реальной ситуацией. Предмет данной
драматургии — жизнь реальной человеческой
общности, и сила такой драматургии в
максимальной конкретизации. Драматургия
же пьесы в корне иная.

Существенное
отличие театрализованного праздника
от пьесы заключается в том, что драматургия
праздника обязательно включает в себя
импровизационный характер. Сценарий
иными словами в какой-то степени,
рассчитан на импровизационные моменты,
т.к. праздник — это жизнь. Более того,
опыт показывает, что самые яркие
эмоционально запоминающиеся моменты
любого праздника — это именно моменты
импровизационного, неожиданного
характера, когда находит свое выражение
в праздничном ощущении непосредственная
«живая жизнь». Однако стоит заметить,
что одно из главных правил сценариста-режиссера
гласит: «Импровизация должна быть
предугадана и хорошо подготовлена».
При создании сценария праздника
обязательно продумывается возможность
наличия импровизационных моментов с
участием самодеятельных исполнителей,
активных зрителей.

Список
отличий сценария от пьесы продолжают
различия в особенностях сюжета и
композиции. В сценарии связь в его сюжете
всегда смысловая, а не событийная, как
в пьесе. То есть сюжет понимается не как
система событий, а как система мыслей
и идей, раскрывающая содержание. В пьесе
композиция — момент, определяющий
структуру событий действенно развивающегося
сюжета; момент чрезвычайно важный, но
обусловленный другими существенными
элементами формы. В сценарии
театрализованного представления, ввиду
ослабления функции сюжета, композиция
берет на себя роль главного организатора
художественно-документального материала,
ее функция становится определяющей.

Сценарий
праздника и театрализованного
представления создаётся по законам
драматургии, но отличен от неё по многим
параметрам. В частности он не имеет
литературной ценности, тогда как пьеса
— это литература в прямом смысле этого
слова, имеющая ценность даже вне
реализации. Сценарий же праздника имеет
ценность лишь реализованный.

Отличие
режиссуры театрализованного представления
от театральной режиссуры, состоит в
особом «взаимодействии средств, которые
они объединяют», это отличие обуславливается:
во-первых, «специфическими функциями
и различным способом существования»
этих средств, во-вторых, «местом и их
значением внутри каждой из систем».
Марков О.И. Сценарно-режиссёрские основы
художественно-педагогической деятельности
клуба. М., 1988, с. 117, 118. Сценарист и создатель
пьесы мыслят по-разному. Различие это
можно показать на примере использования
выразительных средств. Драматург при
создании пьесы не задумывается об
«украшении» пьесы. Украшение — это уже
дело постановщика пьесы. Именно
постановщик, стремясь придать спектаклю
большую выразительность и усилить его
смысловое значение, может прибегнуть
к использованию каких-либо дополнительных
«выразительных средств», таких как
стихи, песни, танцы, пантомимы и т.д.,
которых изначально в тексте пьесы не
было. Т.е. «украшение» пьесы происходит
уже в процессе её постановки на сцене.
Ситуация со сценарием иная. Сценарист
«украшает», наполняет свой сценарий
выразительными средствами сразу — в
процессе его создания. Причем, данные
выразительные средства приобретают
значение средств выражения заложенных
автором сценария смыслов. Они становятся
значимыми структурными элементами
сценария (в пьесе они являются дополнениями
к словесному выражению смыслов).

Таково
соотношение сценария праздника и пьесы.

Завершая
разговор о сценарии и пьесе, хочется
привести высказывание Тынянова:
«неизвестно, что такое сценарий, и,
поэтому трудно говорить о том, каким
ему нужно быть. Разумеется, можно взять
с полки любую книгу — даже библиографический
указатель — и разбить ее на кадры. Еще
легче вспомнить какую-нибудь из шедших
уже картин и применить ее к современным
обстоятельствам». Тынянов Ю.Н. Поэтика.
История литературы. Кино. М., 1977. с. 320

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A screenplay, or script, is a written work by screenwriters for a film, television show, or video game (as opposed to a stage play). A screenplay written for television is also known as a teleplay. Screenplays can be original works or adaptations from existing pieces of writing. A screenplay is a form of narration in which the movements, actions, expressions and dialogue of the characters are described in a certain format. Visual or cinematographic cues may be given, as well as scene descriptions and scene changes.

History[edit]

In the early silent era, before the turn of the 20th century, «scripts» for films in the United States were usually a synopsis of a film of around one paragraph and sometimes as short as one sentence.[1] Shortly thereafter, as films grew in length and complexity, film scenarios (also called «treatments» or «synopses»[2]: 92 ) were written to provide narrative coherence that had previously been improvised.[1] Films such as A Trip to the Moon (1902) and The Great Train Robbery (1903) had scenarios consisting respectively of a list of scene headings or scene headings with a detailed explication of the action in each scene.[1] At this time, scripts had yet to include individual shots or dialogue.[1]

These scenario scripts evolved into continuity scripts, which listed a number of shots within each scene, thus providing continuity to streamline the filmmaking process.[1] While some productions, notably D. W. Griffith’s The Birth of a Nation (1915), were made without a script, preapproved «continuities» allowed the increasingly powerful studio executives to more accurately budget for film productions.[1] Movie industry revolutionary Thomas H. Ince, a screenwriter himself, invented movie production by introducing an «assembly line» system of filmmaking that utilized far more detailed written materials, clearly dedicated to «separating conception from execution».[1] Film researcher Andrew Kenneth Gay posits that, «The process of scripting for the screen did not so much emerge naturally from other literary forms such as the play script, the novel, or poetry nor to meet the artistic needs of filmmakers but developed primarily to address the manufacturing needs of industrial production.»[1]

With the advent of sound film, dialogue quickly dominated scripts, with what had been specific instructions for the filmmaker initially regressed to a list of master shots.[1] However, screenwriters soon began to add the shot-by-shot details that characterized continuities of the films of the later silent era.[1] Casablanca (1942), is written in this style, with detailed technical instructions interwoven with dialogue.[1] The first use of the term «screenplay» dates to this era;[2]: 86  the term «screen play» (two words) was used as early as 1916 in the silent era to refer to the film itself, i.e. a play shown on a screen.[2]: 82 [1]

With the end of the studio system in the 1950s and 1960s, these continuities were gradually split into a master-scene script, which includes all dialogue but only rudimentary scene descriptions and a shooting script devised by the director after a film is approved for production.[1] While studio era productions required the explicit visual continuity and strict adherence to a budget that continuity scripts afforded, the master-scene script was more readable, which is of importance to an independent producer seeking financing for a project.[1] By the production of Chinatown (1974), this change was complete.[1] Andrew Kenneth Gay argues that this shift has raised the status of directors as auteurs and lowered the profile of screenwriters.[1] However, he also notes that since the screenplay is no longer a technical document, screenwriting is more of a literary endeavour.[1]

Format and style[edit]

Page from a screenplay, showing dialogue and action descriptions, as well as scene cuts

The format is structured so that (as a ballpark estimate) one page equates to roughly one minute of screen time, though this often bears little resemblance to the runtime of the final production.[3] The standard font is 12 point, 10 pitch Courier typeface.[4] Wide margins of at least one inch are employed (usually larger for the left to accommodate hole punches).

The major components are action (sometimes called «screen direction») and dialogue. The action is written in the present tense and is limited to what can be heard or seen by the audience, for example descriptions of settings, character movements, or sound effects. The dialogue is the words the characters speak, and is written in a center column.

Unique to the screenplay (as opposed to a stage play) is the use of slug lines. A slug line, also called a master scene heading, occurs at the start of each scene and typically contains 3 pieces of information: whether the scene is set inside or outside (INT. or EXT.; interior or exterior), the specific location, and the time of day. Each slug line begins a new scene. In a «shooting script» the slug lines are numbered consecutively for ease of reference.[5]

Physical format[edit]

US[edit]

American screenplays are printed single-sided on three-hole-punched paper using the standard American letter size (8.5 x 11 inch). They are then held together with two brass brads in the top and bottom hole. The middle hole is left empty as it would otherwise make it harder to quickly read the script.

UK[edit]

In the United Kingdom, double-hole-punched A4 paper is normally used, which is slightly taller and narrower than US letter size. Some UK writers format the scripts for use in the US letter size, especially when their scripts are to be read by American producers since the pages would otherwise be cropped when printed on US paper. Because each country’s standard paper size is difficult to obtain in the other country, British writers often send an electronic copy to American producers, or crop the A4 size to US letter.

A British script may be bound by a single brad at the top left-hand side of the page, making flicking through the paper easier during script meetings. Screenplays are usually bound with a light card stock cover and back page, often showing the logo of the production company or agency submitting the script, covers are there to protect the script during handling which can reduce the strength of the paper. This is especially important if the script is likely to pass through the hands of several people or through the post.

Other[edit]

Increasingly, reading copies of screenplays (that is, those distributed by producers and agencies in the hope of attracting finance or talent) are distributed printed on both sides of the paper (often professionally bound) to reduce paper waste. Occasionally they are reduced to half-size to make a small book which is convenient to read or put in a pocket; this is generally for use by the director or production crew during shooting.

Although most writing contracts continue to stipulate physical delivery of three or more copies of a finished script, it is common for scripts to be delivered electronically via email. Electronic copies allow easier copyright registration and also documenting «authorship on a given date».[6] Authors can register works with the WGA’s Registry,[7] and even television formats using the FRAPA’s system.[8][9]

Screenplay formats[edit]

Screenplays and teleplays use a set of standardizations, beginning with proper formatting. These rules are in part to serve the practical purpose of making scripts uniformly readable «blueprints» of movies, and also to serve as a way of distinguishing a professional from an amateur.

Feature film[edit]

Motion picture screenplays intended for submission to mainstream studios, whether in the US or elsewhere in the world, are expected to conform to a standard typographical style known widely as the studio format which stipulates how elements of the screenplay such as scene headings, action, transitions, dialogue, character names, shots and parenthetical matter should be presented on the page, as well as font size and line spacing.

One reason for this is that, when rendered in studio format, most screenplays will transfer onto the screen at the rate of approximately one page per minute. This rule of thumb is widely contested — a page of dialogue usually occupies less screen time than a page of action, for example, and it depends enormously on the literary style of the writer — and yet it continues to hold sway in modern Hollywood.

There is no single standard for studio format. Some studios have definitions of the required format written into the rubric of their writer’s contract. The Nicholl Fellowship, a screenwriting competition run under the auspices of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, has a guide to screenplay format.[10] A more detailed reference is The Complete Guide to Standard Script Formats.[11]

Speculative screenplay[edit]

A speculative screenplay or «spec script» is a script written to be sold on the open market with no upfront payment, or promise of payment. The content is usually invented solely by the screenwriter, though spec screenplays can also be based on established works or real people and events.[12]

Television[edit]

For American TV shows, the format rules for hour-long dramas and single-camera sitcoms are essentially the same as for motion pictures. The main difference is that TV scripts have act breaks. Multi-camera sitcoms use a different, specialized format that derives from stage plays and radio. In this format, dialogue is double-spaced, action lines are capitalized, and scene headings, character entrances and exits, and sound effects are capitalized and underlined.

Drama series and sitcoms are no longer the only formats that require the skills of a writer. With reality-based programming crossing genres to create various hybrid programs, many of the so-called «reality» programs are in a large part scripted in format. That is, the overall skeleton of the show and its episodes are written to dictate the content and direction of the program. The Writers Guild of America has identified this as a legitimate writer’s medium, so much so that they have lobbied to impose jurisdiction over writers and producers who «format» reality-based productions. Creating reality show formats involves storytelling structure similar to screenwriting, but much more condensed and boiled down to specific plot points or actions related to the overall concept and story.

Documentaries[edit]

The script format for documentaries and audio-visual presentations which consist largely of voice-over matched to still or moving pictures is different again and uses a two-column format which can be particularly difficult to achieve in standard word processors, at least when it comes to editing or rewriting. Many script-editing software programs include templates for documentary formats.

Screenwriting software[edit]

Various screenwriting software packages are available to help screenwriters adhere to the strict formatting conventions. Detailed computer programs are designed specifically to format screenplays, teleplays, and stage plays. Such packages include BPC-Screenplay, Celtx, Fade In, Final Draft, FiveSprockets, Montage, Movie Draft SE, Movie Magic Screenwriter, Movie Outline 3.0, Scrivener, and Zhura. Software is also available as web applications, accessible from any computer, and on mobile devices, such as Fade In Mobile Scripts Pro and Studio Binder.

The first screenwriting software was SmartKey, a macro program that sent strings of commands to existing word processing programs, such as WordStar, WordPerfect and Microsoft Word. SmartKey was popular with screenwriters from 1982 to 1987, after which word processing programs had their own macro features.

Script coverage[edit]

Script coverage is a filmmaking term for the analysis and grading of screenplays, often within the script-development department of a production company. While coverage may remain entirely verbal, it usually takes the form of a written report, guided by a rubric that varies from company to company. The original idea behind coverage was that a producer’s assistant could read a script and then give their producer a breakdown of the project and suggest whether they should consider producing the screenplay or not.[13]

See also[edit]

  • Pre-production – phase of producing a film or television show
  • Closet screenplay – screenplay read by a person or aloud in a group rather than performed
  • Dreams on Spec – documentary film about screenwriters
  • Screenwriter’s salary – how screenwriters are paid
  • Scriptment – written work by a screenwriter
  • Storyboard – form of ordering graphics in media
  • Outline of film – overview and topical guide to film
  • List of screenwriting awards for film – wikimedia list article

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Andrew Kenneth Gay. «History of scripting and the screenplay» at Screenplayology: An Online Center for Screenplay Studies. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  2. ^ a b c Steven Maras. Screenwriting: History, Theory and Practice. Wallflower Press, 2009. ISBN 9781905674824
  3. ^ JohnAugust.com «How accurate is the page-per-minute rule?
  4. ^ JohnAugust.com «Hollywood Standard Formatting»
  5. ^ Schumach, Murray (August 28, 1960). «HOLLYWOOD USAGE Experts Analyze the Pros and Cons Of Time-Tested ‘Master’ Scene». The New York Times. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  6. ^ Zerner ESQ, Larry. «Writers Guild of America-West Registration vs. Copyright Registration». www.writersstore.com. Retrieved 2020-03-29. If the writer registers the script with the Copyright Office only after the infringement has taken place, he will be barred from recovering attorneys fees or statutory damages in the lawsuit.
  7. ^ «WGA West Registry». Writers Guild of America West. Retrieved 2020-03-29. Any file may be registered to assist you in documenting the creation of your work. Some examples of registerable material include scripts, treatments, synopses, and outlines… The WGAW Registry also accepts stageplays, novels, books, short stories, poems, commercials, lyrics, drawings, music and various media work such as Web series, code, and other digital content.
  8. ^ Sonia Castang; Richard Deakin; Tony Forster; Andrea Gibb; Olivia Hetreed (Chair); Guy Hibbert; Kathy Hill; Terry James; Line Langebek; Dominic Minghella; Phil Nodding; Phil O’Shea; Sam Snape (April 2016). «Writing Film : A Good Practice Guide» (PDF). Writers’ Guild of Great Britain. p. 11. Retrieved 29 March 2020. In the UK there is no legal necessity to register your work – copyright is automatic. Registration is more important if you intend to offer your work to overseas producers. The Writers Guild of America in New York and Los Angeles offer a cheap and easy-to-use internet-based script registration system that involves uploading a digital copy. If you are offering your work in the USA you should also register it with the US Copyright Office – if you don’t, your right to legal damages for copyright infringement may be much reduced.
  9. ^ Ricolfi, Marco; Morando, Federico; Rubiano, Camilo; Hsu, Shirley; Ouma, Marisella; De Martin, Juan Carlos (September 9, 2011). «Survey of Private Copyright Documentation Systems and Practices» (PDF). World Intellectual Property Organization. p. 24. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2020. Established in 1927, Writers Guild of America, West Registry (WGAWR) is one of the oldest private copyright registries. Alt URL
  10. ^ Guide to screenplay format from the website of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
  11. ^ The Complete Guide to Standard Script Formats (2002) Cole and Haag, SCB Distributors, ISBN 0-929583-00-0.
  12. ^ «Spec Script». Act Four Screenplays. 29 July 2010. Retrieved August 10, 2012.
  13. ^ «What is Script Coverage?». WeScreenplay. Retrieved 5 July 2016.

Further reading[edit]

  • David Trottier (1998). The Screenwriter’s Bible: A Complete Guide to Writing, Formatting, and Selling Your Script. Silman-James Press. ISBN 1-879505-44-4. — Paperback
  • Yves Lavandier (2005). Writing Drama, A Comprehensive Guide for Playwrights and Scritpwriters. Le Clown & l’Enfant. ISBN 2-910606-04-X. — Paperback
  • Judith H. Haag, Hillis R. Cole (1980). The Complete Guide to Standard Script Formats: The Screenplay. CMC Publishing. ISBN 0-929583-00-0. — Paperback
  • Jami Bernard (1995). Quentin Tarantino: The Man and His Movies. HarperCollins publishers. ISBN 0-00-255644-8. — Paperback
  • Luca Bandirali, Enrico Terrone (2009), Il sistema sceneggiatura. Scrivere e descrivere i film, Turin (Italy): Lindau. ISBN 978-88-7180-831-4.
  • Riley, C. (2005) The Hollywood Standard: the complete and authoritative guide to script format and style. Michael Weise Productions. Sheridan Press. ISBN 0-941188-94-9.

External links[edit]

  • Writing section from the MovieMakingManual (MMM) Wikibook, especially on formatting.
  • «Credits Survival Guide: Everything you wanted to know about the credits process but didn’t ask.’ | BEFORE YOU MAKE A DEAL». Writers Guild of America West. Retrieved 2020-03-29.
  • American Screenwriters Association
  • Screenplays at Curlie
  • All Movie Scripts on IMSDb (A-Z) imsdb.com
  • All Tamil Movie Scripts on Thiraikathai (A-Z) Thiraikathai.com

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A screenplay, or script, is a written work by screenwriters for a film, television show, or video game (as opposed to a stage play). A screenplay written for television is also known as a teleplay. Screenplays can be original works or adaptations from existing pieces of writing. A screenplay is a form of narration in which the movements, actions, expressions and dialogue of the characters are described in a certain format. Visual or cinematographic cues may be given, as well as scene descriptions and scene changes.

History[edit]

In the early silent era, before the turn of the 20th century, «scripts» for films in the United States were usually a synopsis of a film of around one paragraph and sometimes as short as one sentence.[1] Shortly thereafter, as films grew in length and complexity, film scenarios (also called «treatments» or «synopses»[2]: 92 ) were written to provide narrative coherence that had previously been improvised.[1] Films such as A Trip to the Moon (1902) and The Great Train Robbery (1903) had scenarios consisting respectively of a list of scene headings or scene headings with a detailed explication of the action in each scene.[1] At this time, scripts had yet to include individual shots or dialogue.[1]

These scenario scripts evolved into continuity scripts, which listed a number of shots within each scene, thus providing continuity to streamline the filmmaking process.[1] While some productions, notably D. W. Griffith’s The Birth of a Nation (1915), were made without a script, preapproved «continuities» allowed the increasingly powerful studio executives to more accurately budget for film productions.[1] Movie industry revolutionary Thomas H. Ince, a screenwriter himself, invented movie production by introducing an «assembly line» system of filmmaking that utilized far more detailed written materials, clearly dedicated to «separating conception from execution».[1] Film researcher Andrew Kenneth Gay posits that, «The process of scripting for the screen did not so much emerge naturally from other literary forms such as the play script, the novel, or poetry nor to meet the artistic needs of filmmakers but developed primarily to address the manufacturing needs of industrial production.»[1]

With the advent of sound film, dialogue quickly dominated scripts, with what had been specific instructions for the filmmaker initially regressed to a list of master shots.[1] However, screenwriters soon began to add the shot-by-shot details that characterized continuities of the films of the later silent era.[1] Casablanca (1942), is written in this style, with detailed technical instructions interwoven with dialogue.[1] The first use of the term «screenplay» dates to this era;[2]: 86  the term «screen play» (two words) was used as early as 1916 in the silent era to refer to the film itself, i.e. a play shown on a screen.[2]: 82 [1]

With the end of the studio system in the 1950s and 1960s, these continuities were gradually split into a master-scene script, which includes all dialogue but only rudimentary scene descriptions and a shooting script devised by the director after a film is approved for production.[1] While studio era productions required the explicit visual continuity and strict adherence to a budget that continuity scripts afforded, the master-scene script was more readable, which is of importance to an independent producer seeking financing for a project.[1] By the production of Chinatown (1974), this change was complete.[1] Andrew Kenneth Gay argues that this shift has raised the status of directors as auteurs and lowered the profile of screenwriters.[1] However, he also notes that since the screenplay is no longer a technical document, screenwriting is more of a literary endeavour.[1]

Format and style[edit]

Page from a screenplay, showing dialogue and action descriptions, as well as scene cuts

The format is structured so that (as a ballpark estimate) one page equates to roughly one minute of screen time, though this often bears little resemblance to the runtime of the final production.[3] The standard font is 12 point, 10 pitch Courier typeface.[4] Wide margins of at least one inch are employed (usually larger for the left to accommodate hole punches).

The major components are action (sometimes called «screen direction») and dialogue. The action is written in the present tense and is limited to what can be heard or seen by the audience, for example descriptions of settings, character movements, or sound effects. The dialogue is the words the characters speak, and is written in a center column.

Unique to the screenplay (as opposed to a stage play) is the use of slug lines. A slug line, also called a master scene heading, occurs at the start of each scene and typically contains 3 pieces of information: whether the scene is set inside or outside (INT. or EXT.; interior or exterior), the specific location, and the time of day. Each slug line begins a new scene. In a «shooting script» the slug lines are numbered consecutively for ease of reference.[5]

Physical format[edit]

US[edit]

American screenplays are printed single-sided on three-hole-punched paper using the standard American letter size (8.5 x 11 inch). They are then held together with two brass brads in the top and bottom hole. The middle hole is left empty as it would otherwise make it harder to quickly read the script.

UK[edit]

In the United Kingdom, double-hole-punched A4 paper is normally used, which is slightly taller and narrower than US letter size. Some UK writers format the scripts for use in the US letter size, especially when their scripts are to be read by American producers since the pages would otherwise be cropped when printed on US paper. Because each country’s standard paper size is difficult to obtain in the other country, British writers often send an electronic copy to American producers, or crop the A4 size to US letter.

A British script may be bound by a single brad at the top left-hand side of the page, making flicking through the paper easier during script meetings. Screenplays are usually bound with a light card stock cover and back page, often showing the logo of the production company or agency submitting the script, covers are there to protect the script during handling which can reduce the strength of the paper. This is especially important if the script is likely to pass through the hands of several people or through the post.

Other[edit]

Increasingly, reading copies of screenplays (that is, those distributed by producers and agencies in the hope of attracting finance or talent) are distributed printed on both sides of the paper (often professionally bound) to reduce paper waste. Occasionally they are reduced to half-size to make a small book which is convenient to read or put in a pocket; this is generally for use by the director or production crew during shooting.

Although most writing contracts continue to stipulate physical delivery of three or more copies of a finished script, it is common for scripts to be delivered electronically via email. Electronic copies allow easier copyright registration and also documenting «authorship on a given date».[6] Authors can register works with the WGA’s Registry,[7] and even television formats using the FRAPA’s system.[8][9]

Screenplay formats[edit]

Screenplays and teleplays use a set of standardizations, beginning with proper formatting. These rules are in part to serve the practical purpose of making scripts uniformly readable «blueprints» of movies, and also to serve as a way of distinguishing a professional from an amateur.

Feature film[edit]

Motion picture screenplays intended for submission to mainstream studios, whether in the US or elsewhere in the world, are expected to conform to a standard typographical style known widely as the studio format which stipulates how elements of the screenplay such as scene headings, action, transitions, dialogue, character names, shots and parenthetical matter should be presented on the page, as well as font size and line spacing.

One reason for this is that, when rendered in studio format, most screenplays will transfer onto the screen at the rate of approximately one page per minute. This rule of thumb is widely contested — a page of dialogue usually occupies less screen time than a page of action, for example, and it depends enormously on the literary style of the writer — and yet it continues to hold sway in modern Hollywood.

There is no single standard for studio format. Some studios have definitions of the required format written into the rubric of their writer’s contract. The Nicholl Fellowship, a screenwriting competition run under the auspices of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, has a guide to screenplay format.[10] A more detailed reference is The Complete Guide to Standard Script Formats.[11]

Speculative screenplay[edit]

A speculative screenplay or «spec script» is a script written to be sold on the open market with no upfront payment, or promise of payment. The content is usually invented solely by the screenwriter, though spec screenplays can also be based on established works or real people and events.[12]

Television[edit]

For American TV shows, the format rules for hour-long dramas and single-camera sitcoms are essentially the same as for motion pictures. The main difference is that TV scripts have act breaks. Multi-camera sitcoms use a different, specialized format that derives from stage plays and radio. In this format, dialogue is double-spaced, action lines are capitalized, and scene headings, character entrances and exits, and sound effects are capitalized and underlined.

Drama series and sitcoms are no longer the only formats that require the skills of a writer. With reality-based programming crossing genres to create various hybrid programs, many of the so-called «reality» programs are in a large part scripted in format. That is, the overall skeleton of the show and its episodes are written to dictate the content and direction of the program. The Writers Guild of America has identified this as a legitimate writer’s medium, so much so that they have lobbied to impose jurisdiction over writers and producers who «format» reality-based productions. Creating reality show formats involves storytelling structure similar to screenwriting, but much more condensed and boiled down to specific plot points or actions related to the overall concept and story.

Documentaries[edit]

The script format for documentaries and audio-visual presentations which consist largely of voice-over matched to still or moving pictures is different again and uses a two-column format which can be particularly difficult to achieve in standard word processors, at least when it comes to editing or rewriting. Many script-editing software programs include templates for documentary formats.

Screenwriting software[edit]

Various screenwriting software packages are available to help screenwriters adhere to the strict formatting conventions. Detailed computer programs are designed specifically to format screenplays, teleplays, and stage plays. Such packages include BPC-Screenplay, Celtx, Fade In, Final Draft, FiveSprockets, Montage, Movie Draft SE, Movie Magic Screenwriter, Movie Outline 3.0, Scrivener, and Zhura. Software is also available as web applications, accessible from any computer, and on mobile devices, such as Fade In Mobile Scripts Pro and Studio Binder.

The first screenwriting software was SmartKey, a macro program that sent strings of commands to existing word processing programs, such as WordStar, WordPerfect and Microsoft Word. SmartKey was popular with screenwriters from 1982 to 1987, after which word processing programs had their own macro features.

Script coverage[edit]

Script coverage is a filmmaking term for the analysis and grading of screenplays, often within the script-development department of a production company. While coverage may remain entirely verbal, it usually takes the form of a written report, guided by a rubric that varies from company to company. The original idea behind coverage was that a producer’s assistant could read a script and then give their producer a breakdown of the project and suggest whether they should consider producing the screenplay or not.[13]

See also[edit]

  • Pre-production – phase of producing a film or television show
  • Closet screenplay – screenplay read by a person or aloud in a group rather than performed
  • Dreams on Spec – documentary film about screenwriters
  • Screenwriter’s salary – how screenwriters are paid
  • Scriptment – written work by a screenwriter
  • Storyboard – form of ordering graphics in media
  • Outline of film – overview and topical guide to film
  • List of screenwriting awards for film – wikimedia list article

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Andrew Kenneth Gay. «History of scripting and the screenplay» at Screenplayology: An Online Center for Screenplay Studies. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  2. ^ a b c Steven Maras. Screenwriting: History, Theory and Practice. Wallflower Press, 2009. ISBN 9781905674824
  3. ^ JohnAugust.com «How accurate is the page-per-minute rule?
  4. ^ JohnAugust.com «Hollywood Standard Formatting»
  5. ^ Schumach, Murray (August 28, 1960). «HOLLYWOOD USAGE Experts Analyze the Pros and Cons Of Time-Tested ‘Master’ Scene». The New York Times. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  6. ^ Zerner ESQ, Larry. «Writers Guild of America-West Registration vs. Copyright Registration». www.writersstore.com. Retrieved 2020-03-29. If the writer registers the script with the Copyright Office only after the infringement has taken place, he will be barred from recovering attorneys fees or statutory damages in the lawsuit.
  7. ^ «WGA West Registry». Writers Guild of America West. Retrieved 2020-03-29. Any file may be registered to assist you in documenting the creation of your work. Some examples of registerable material include scripts, treatments, synopses, and outlines… The WGAW Registry also accepts stageplays, novels, books, short stories, poems, commercials, lyrics, drawings, music and various media work such as Web series, code, and other digital content.
  8. ^ Sonia Castang; Richard Deakin; Tony Forster; Andrea Gibb; Olivia Hetreed (Chair); Guy Hibbert; Kathy Hill; Terry James; Line Langebek; Dominic Minghella; Phil Nodding; Phil O’Shea; Sam Snape (April 2016). «Writing Film : A Good Practice Guide» (PDF). Writers’ Guild of Great Britain. p. 11. Retrieved 29 March 2020. In the UK there is no legal necessity to register your work – copyright is automatic. Registration is more important if you intend to offer your work to overseas producers. The Writers Guild of America in New York and Los Angeles offer a cheap and easy-to-use internet-based script registration system that involves uploading a digital copy. If you are offering your work in the USA you should also register it with the US Copyright Office – if you don’t, your right to legal damages for copyright infringement may be much reduced.
  9. ^ Ricolfi, Marco; Morando, Federico; Rubiano, Camilo; Hsu, Shirley; Ouma, Marisella; De Martin, Juan Carlos (September 9, 2011). «Survey of Private Copyright Documentation Systems and Practices» (PDF). World Intellectual Property Organization. p. 24. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2020. Established in 1927, Writers Guild of America, West Registry (WGAWR) is one of the oldest private copyright registries. Alt URL
  10. ^ Guide to screenplay format from the website of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
  11. ^ The Complete Guide to Standard Script Formats (2002) Cole and Haag, SCB Distributors, ISBN 0-929583-00-0.
  12. ^ «Spec Script». Act Four Screenplays. 29 July 2010. Retrieved August 10, 2012.
  13. ^ «What is Script Coverage?». WeScreenplay. Retrieved 5 July 2016.

Further reading[edit]

  • David Trottier (1998). The Screenwriter’s Bible: A Complete Guide to Writing, Formatting, and Selling Your Script. Silman-James Press. ISBN 1-879505-44-4. — Paperback
  • Yves Lavandier (2005). Writing Drama, A Comprehensive Guide for Playwrights and Scritpwriters. Le Clown & l’Enfant. ISBN 2-910606-04-X. — Paperback
  • Judith H. Haag, Hillis R. Cole (1980). The Complete Guide to Standard Script Formats: The Screenplay. CMC Publishing. ISBN 0-929583-00-0. — Paperback
  • Jami Bernard (1995). Quentin Tarantino: The Man and His Movies. HarperCollins publishers. ISBN 0-00-255644-8. — Paperback
  • Luca Bandirali, Enrico Terrone (2009), Il sistema sceneggiatura. Scrivere e descrivere i film, Turin (Italy): Lindau. ISBN 978-88-7180-831-4.
  • Riley, C. (2005) The Hollywood Standard: the complete and authoritative guide to script format and style. Michael Weise Productions. Sheridan Press. ISBN 0-941188-94-9.

External links[edit]

  • Writing section from the MovieMakingManual (MMM) Wikibook, especially on formatting.
  • «Credits Survival Guide: Everything you wanted to know about the credits process but didn’t ask.’ | BEFORE YOU MAKE A DEAL». Writers Guild of America West. Retrieved 2020-03-29.
  • American Screenwriters Association
  • Screenplays at Curlie
  • All Movie Scripts on IMSDb (A-Z) imsdb.com
  • All Tamil Movie Scripts on Thiraikathai (A-Z) Thiraikathai.com

Сцена́рий — литературно-драматическое произведение, написанное как основа для постановки кино- или телефильма. Сценарий в кинематографе, как правило, напоминает пьесу и подробно описывает каждую сцену и диалоги персонажей. Иногда сценарий представляет собой адаптацию отдельного литературного произведения для кинематографа, иногда в этом случае автор романа бывает и автором сценария (сценаристом).

Сценарист — это человек, который пишет сценарий к фильму. Иногда многие сценаристы заняты в написании одного и того же сценария, прежде чем режиссер выберет лучший. Необязательно автор книги пишет сценарий при ее экранизации. Эта работа обычно отдается сценаристу.

Понятие Сценарий, как литературное произведение, так же используется при проведении праздников и иных мероприятий.

Содержание

  • 1 Элементы сценария
  • 2 Сценарий в кинематографе
  • 3 Стандарты и условия
  • 4 Выразительные средства
    • 4.1 Деталь как выразительное средство
  • 5 Литература
  • 6 Ссылки

Элементы сценария

Существует четыре главных элемента сценария:

  • описательная часть (ремарка или сценарная проза),
  • диалог
  • закадровый голос
  • титры

Сценарий в кинематографе

Первой необходимой стадией на пути реализации замысла художественного фильма является создание сценария — его литературной основы, в котором определяется тема, сюжет, проблематика, характеры основных героев. За более чем столетнюю историю кинематографа сценарий прошёл свой путь развития от «сценариусов на манжетах», где кратко описывалась фабула будущего фильма, до особого литературного жанра — кинодраматургии. Литературный сценарий может быть либо оригинальным, либо представлять собой экранизацию уже существующего литературного произведения. В настоящее время сценарии имеют самостоятельную ценность, публикуются в журналах, специальных сборниках, предназначенных для чтения. Но в первую очередь, создавая свое произведение, кинодраматург предполагает его воплощение на экране. Чтобы удержать внимание зрителя, в сценарии должны быть соблюдены некоторые общие правила, учитывающие зрительскую психологию.

Любой фильм, независимо от его жанра, можно условно разделить на части:

  • экспозицию, где зритель знакомится с главным героем или героями,
  • завязку — где герой или герои попадают в ту самую драматическую ситуацию, которая приведет к усложнению.
  • усложнение, самая большая часть фильма, содержащая обязательную сцену,
  • перипетии — в состав которых может входить одно или несколько усложнений.
  • кульминацию,
  • развязка, за которой следует финал.

Виды сценария в кино:

  • Кино-сценарий
  • Режиссёрский сценарий
  • Экспликация (как снимать)
  • Режиссёрская экспликации.

Стандарты и условия

Восемьдесят страниц, написанных профессиональным сценаристом — это примерно 2600 метров пленки кинодействия, что, как правило, составляет односерийный фильм и может содержать от четырёх до пяти тысяч слов диалога. Сто двадцать страниц приблизительно составляют 4000 метров пленки (соответствует двухсерийному фильму).

Требования к сценариям имеют различия в зависимости от страны и киностудии, которая его принимает.

Над литературным сценарием работает кинодраматург, часто в этой работе участвуют продюсер и режиссер, которые нередко становятся его соавторами.

Чтобы литературный сценарий мог быть использован, его адаптируют к условиям кино, трансформируя в киносценарий, где описательная часть сокращается, четко прописываются диалоги, определяется соотношение изобразительного и звукового ряда. Здесь драматургическая сторона разрабатывается по сценам и эпизодам, а постановочная разработка действия ведется по объектам съемки. Каждая новая сцена записывается на отдельную страницу, что впоследствии облегчит работу в установлении их последовательности в развитии сюжета. Кроме того, киносценарий проходит производственное редактирование. Это необходимо для определения длины фильма, количества объектов съемки, павильонных декораций, количества актёров, организации экспедиций и многого другого. Без этого невозможно рассчитать финансовые затраты на кинопроизводство.

Выразительные средства

Повествуя свою историю режиссёр создает новую реальность, реальность фильма, в которой зритель должен не только увидеть, а почувствовать жизнь на экране, тогда эта жизнь убедит его в своей реальности. Для создания этой новой реальности используются различные выразительные средства, создаваемые ещё на уровне сценария.

Деталь как выразительное средство

Сюжет можно сравнить с мертвым деревом, имеющим ствол и основные ветви. Узнаваемость деталей (в широком смысле этого слова) служит тысячами мелких веточек с зелеными листочками, то есть дает дереву жизнь. Детали должны работать. Наличие в кадре большого количества инертных (то есть не работающих) деталей размывает внимание зрителя и в конечном итоге вызывает скуку. Четкую характеристику активной (то есть работающей) детали дал А. П. Чехов: «Если в первом акте на сцене висит ружье, в последнем оно должно выстрелить». Это конструктивная формула для активизации всех компонентов драмы, вовлеченных в сюжетное развитие общей идеи.

Существует пять основных аспектов детали:

  • Деталь, создающая перипетию, есть предмет, который находится в центре внимания не только эпизода, но и целого фильма, является поводом к действию (подвески королевы, платок Дездемоны).
  • Деталь — это предмет, который находится в активном взаимодействии с актёром, помогает ему выстраивать характер персонажа (тросточка Чарли Чаплина, монокль барона у Ж.Ренуара).
  • Деталь — это часть, по которой зритель может догадаться о том, что происходит в целом (песня корабельного врача, движение отсветов на лице «Парижанки», перстень шефа в «Бриллиантовой руке»).
  • Деталь-персонаж — предмет, который одушевляется, и на него переносятся человеческие функции (шинель Акакия Акакиевича, «Красный шар» А.Ла Мориса).
  • Деталь, создающая настроение (в «Амаркорде» Ф.Феллини — павлин, распушивший хвост в конце панорамы, показывающей заснеженную слякотную улицу).

Литература

  • Ю. А. Кравцов «Конспект по теории кино»
  • Линда Сегер «Как хороший сценарий сделать великим»

Ссылки

  • База сценариев на русском языке
  • Несколько примеров киносценариев

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